Intracellular pathogens lose many metabolic genes during their evolution from free-living bacteria, but the pathogenic consequences of their altered metabolic programs on host immunity are poorly ...understood. Here, we show that a pathogenic strain of
(FT) has five amino acid substitutions in RibD, a converting enzyme of the riboflavin synthetic pathway responsible for generating metabolites recognized by mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Metabolites from a free-living strain,
(FN), activated MAIT cells in a T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner, whereas introduction of FT-type
to the free-living strain was sufficient to attenuate this activation in both human and mouse MAIT cells. Intranasal infection in mice showed that the
-expressing FN strain induced impaired Th1-type MAIT cell expansion and resulted in reduced bacterial clearance and worsened survival compared with the wild-type free-living strain FN. These results demonstrate that
can acquire immune evasion capacity by alteration of metabolic programs during evolution.
In high carbon steel, TTT nose temperature rises and upper baninte becomes easy to be formed with quantity of Si addition. Generation of upper bainite is reduced by boron addition. In this study, the ...influence of boron addition on isothermal transformation behavior in Si-added high carbon steel was clarified. By boron addition, lamellar spacing and growth rate of pearlite doesn’t change, but the nucleation of pealite is reduced. But nucleation of pearlite is promoted when Fe23(C,B)6 precipitates. In the Si-added high carbon steel, upper bainite is often formed with the generated ferrite on prior austenite grain boundary. It is inferred that boron reduces ferrite generation in grain boundary which causes upper bainite formation. It is confirmed that effective existence state of boron is grain boundary segregation.
In high carbon steel, TTT nose temperature rises and upper baninte becomes easy to be formed with quantity of Si addition. Generation of upper bainite is reduced by boron addition. In this study, the ...influence of boron addition on isothermal transformation behavior in Si-added high carbon steel was clarified. By boron addition, lamellar spacing and growth rate of pearlite doesn’t change, but the nucleation of pealite is reduced. But nucleation of pearlite is promoted when Fe23(C,B)6 precipitates. In the Si-added high carbon steel, upper bainite is often formed with the generated ferrite on prior austenite grain boundary. It is inferred that boron reduces ferrite generation in grain boundary which causes upper bainite formation. It is confirmed that effective existence state of boron is grain boundary segregation.
A 70‐year‐old woman who had cardiac sarcoidosis and severe tethering mitral regurgitation (MR) and had been implanted with a biventricular pacemaker experienced recurrent hospitalisation due to ...decompensated heart failure (HF). Application of MultiPoint™ pacing reduced the MR volume and maintained the symptoms under control; however, the predicted longevity of the device significantly decreased because of the very high threshold of the added pacing site. Transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) using MitraClip® was performed to further diminish the severe MR, thereby enabling the switch from highly consumptive multipoint pacing (MPP) to energy‐saving single‐point pacing. MPP could further reduce MR compared to the conventional single‐point pacing, and this could be a bridging therapy to TMVR in some patients implanted with a biventricular pacemaker. This is the first case to report that switching from conventional single‐point pacing to MPP decreased the MR, to some extent, resulting in the improvement of HF symptoms.
This study shows that this metabolic adaptation allows the intracellular bacterial pathogen
Francisella tularensis
to escape recognition by the host adaptive immunity.
In high carbon steel, TTT nose temperature rises and upper baninte becomes easy to be formed with quantity of Si addition. Generation of upper bainite is reduced by boron addition. In this study, the ...influence of boron addition on isothermal transformation behavior in Si-added high carbon steel was clarified. By boron addition, lamellar spacing and growth rate of pearlite doesn’t change, but the nucleation of pealite is reduced. But nucleation of pearlite is promoted when Fe23(C,B)6 precipitates. In the Si-added high carbon steel, upper bainite is often formed with the generated ferrite on prior austenite grain boundary. It is inferred that boron reduces ferrite generation in grain boundary which causes upper bainite formation. It is confirmed that effective existence state of boron is grain boundary segregation.
This paper describes a high efficiency and high output power GaN power amplifier for C-band space applications. The amplifier uses on-chip harmonic tuned FETs to improve dc-to-rf conversion ...efficiency. A 2 nd harmonic input tuning circuit is incorporated into each unit on-chip FET cell and realizes high precise control of 2 nd harmonic input impedance. In addition, 2 nd and 3 rd harmonic output impedances are optimized with external output matching circuits. A 100 W power amplifier with 4-chips achieves a 67.0% PAE (72.4% drain efficiency) at 3.7 GHz under CW operating conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest efficiency of C-band power amplifiers ever reported with over 100 W output power.
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