The challenges of developing neuromorphic vision systems inspired by the human eye come not only from how to recreate the flexibility, sophistication, and adaptability of animal systems, but also how ...to do so with computational efficiency and elegance. Similar to biological systems, these neuromorphic circuits integrate functions of image sensing, memory and processing into the device, and process continuous analog brightness signal in real-time. High-integration, flexibility and ultra-sensitivity are essential for practical artificial vision systems that attempt to emulate biological processing. Here, we present a flexible optoelectronic sensor array of 1024 pixels using a combination of carbon nanotubes and perovskite quantum dots as active materials for an efficient neuromorphic vision system. The device has an extraordinary sensitivity to light with a responsivity of 5.1 × 10
A/W and a specific detectivity of 2 × 10
Jones, and demonstrates neuromorphic reinforcement learning by training the sensor array with a weak light pulse of 1 μW/cm
.
Conspectus Lithium-ion batteries have received significant attention over the last decades due to the wide application of portable electronics and increasing deployment of electric vehicles. In order ...to further increase the energy density of batteries and overcome the capacity limitations (<250 mAh g–1) of inorganic cathode materials, it is imperative to explore new cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. Organic compounds including organic carbonyl, radicals, and organosulfides are promising as they have advantages of high capacities, abundant resources, and tunable structures. In the 1980s, a few organosulfides, in particular organodisulfides, as cathode materials were studied to a certain extent in rechargeable lithium batteries. However, they showed low capacities and poor cycling performance, which made them unappealing then in comparison to transition metal oxide cathode materials. As a result, organosulfides have not been extensively studied like other cathode materials including organic carbonyls and radicals. In recent years, organosulfides with long sulfur chains (e.g., trisulfide, tetrasulfide, pentasulfide, etc.) in the structures have been receiving more attention in conjunction with the development of lithium–sulfur batteries. As a major class of sulfur derivatives, they have versatile structures and unique properties in comparison with elemental sulfur. In this Account, we first generalize the working principles of organosulfides in lithium batteries. We then discuss organosulfide molecules, which have precise lithiation sites and tunable capacities. The organic functional groups can provide additional benefits, such as discharge voltage and energy efficiency enhancement by phenyl groups and cycling stability improvement by N-heterocycles. Furthermore, replacing sulfur by selenium in these compounds can improve their electrochemical properties due to the high electronic conductivity and low bond energy associated with selenium. We list organosulfide polymers consisting of phenyl rings, N-heterocycles, or aliphatic segments. Organosulfides as electrolyte additives or components for forming a solid–electrolyte interphase layer on lithium metal anode are also presented. Carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide can enhance the battery performance of organosulfide cathodes. We discuss the synthesis methods for polysulfide molecules and polymers. Finally, we show the advantages of organosulfides over sulfur as cathode materials in lithium batteries. This Account provides a summary of recent development, in-depth analysis of structure–performance relationship, and guidance for future development of organosulfides as promising cathode materials for next generation rechargeable lithium batteries.
The construction of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) switches with multiple switchable emission states and high dissymmetry factors (glum) has attracted increasing attention due to their broad ...applications in diverse fields such as the development of smart devices and sensors. Herein, a new family of AIE‐active chiral 3rotaxanes were designed and synthesized, from which a novel CPL switching system was successfully constructed. The switching process was realized through the controlled motions of the chiral pillar5arene macrocycles along the axle through the addition or removal of the acetate anions, which not only modulated the chirality information transfer but also tuned the aggregations of the integrated 3rotaxanes, thus resulting in reversible transformations between two emission states with both high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and high dissymmetry factors (glum) values.
The marriage of a switchable rotaxane and an AIEgen gave rise to the successful construction of a novel chiral 3rotaxane‐based CPL switching system with large glum values, remarkable difference in the glum values, and excellent cycling ability.
Chlorine disinfection to drinking water plays an important role in preventing and controlling waterborne disease outbreaks globally. Nevertheless, little is known about why it enriches the antibiotic ...resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria after chlorination. Here, ARGs released from killed antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and culturable chlorine-injured bacteria produced in the chlorination process as the recipient, were investigated to determine their contribution to the horizontal transfer of ARGs during disinfection treatment. We discovered Escherichia coli, Salmonella aberdeen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis showed diverse resistance to sodium hypochlorite, and transferable RP4 could be released from killed sensitive donor consistently. Meanwhile, the survival of chlorine-tolerant injured bacteria with enhanced cell membrane permeabilisation and a strong oxidative stress-response demonstrated that a physiologically competent cell could be transferred by RP4 with an improved transformation frequency of up to 550 times compared with the corresponding untreated bacteria. Furthermore, the water quality factors involving chemical oxygen demand (COD
), ammonium nitrogen and metal ions (Ca
and K
) could significantly promote above transformation frequency of released RP4 into injured E. faecalis. Our findings demonstrated that the chlorination process promoted the horizontal transfer of plasmids by natural transformation, which resulted in the exchange of ARGs across bacterial genera and the emergence of new ARB, as well as the transfer of chlorine-injured opportunistic pathogen from non-ARB to ARB. Considering that the transfer elements were quite resistant to degradation through disinfection, this situation poses a potential risk to public health.
Sleep is a fundamental biological process observed widely in the animal kingdom, but the neural circuits generating sleep remain poorly understood. Understanding the brain mechanisms controlling ...sleep requires the identification of key neurons in the control circuits and mapping of their synaptic connections. Technical innovations over the past decade have greatly facilitated dissection of the sleep circuits. This has set the stage for understanding how a variety of environmental and physiological factors influence sleep. The ability to initiate and terminate sleep on command will also help us to elucidate its functions within and beyond the brain.
Aiming at the construction of novel platform for efficient light harvesting, the precise synthesis of a new family of AIEgen‐branched rotaxane dendrimers was successful realized from an ...AIEgen‐functionalized 2rotaxane through a controllable divergent approach. In the resultant AIE macromolecules, up to twenty‐one AIEgens located at the tails of each branches, thus making them the first successful example of AIEgen‐branched dendrimers. Attributed to the solvent‐induced switching feature of the rotaxane branches, the integrated rotaxane dendrimers displayed interesting dynamic feature upon the aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) process. Moreover, novel artificial light‐harvesting systems were further constructed based on these AIEgen‐branched rotaxane dendrimers, which revealed impressive generation‐dependent photocatalytic performances for both photooxidation reaction and aerobic cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction.
A novel artificial light‐harvesting system based on AIEgen‐branched rotaxane dendrimers has been successfully constructed which displayed impressive generation‐dependent photocatalytic performances for both photooxidation reaction and aerobic cross‐dehydrogenative coupling reaction.
This study aims to investigate the role of Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ aggression and burnout in their professional success. To accomplish this, 362 EFL teachers (i.e., 59 ...males, 303 females) were invited to respond to three valid measures of the variables (i.e., Maslach burnout inventory, teacher aggression scale, and teacher professional success scale). Performing Spearman’s rho correlation tests, negative and significant correlations were found between teacher burnout, teacher aggression, and teacher professional success. Moreover, as the results of regression analyses indicated, both teacher aggression and teacher burnout were found to be the negative predictors of EFL teachers’ professional success. It implies that the higher the amount of teacher aggression and teacher burnout, the less professionally successful a teacher would be. The implications of the results are finally discussed.
The correlation between teacher-student interpersonal relationships and students' perception of different dimensions of justice using in the learning context has been found absolutely important since ...it can provide a nice learning environment for students in which they can comfortably learn a new language. Even though several studies have been carried out regarding the above-mentioned points, a review paper that focuses on the importance between these two variables by which students' learning is influenced seems of great interest. In this study, the author has strived hard to highlight the interplay between the aforementioned variables. First of all, Justice and its dimensions including distributive, procedural, and interactional justice are described in the learning context. Then the effect of the positive relationship between teachers and students is accentuated. Following it, different types of characteristics that are crucially noticeable considering teacher-student interpersonal relationship including “teachers care,” “teacher clarity,” “teacher confirmation,” “teacher credibility,” “teacher immediacy,” “teacher stroke,” “teacher-student rapport” are discussed. The term “positive psychology” accompanied by its factors is defined then. What is discussed then is classroom justice as a teacher-student interpersonal factor. Finally, it is concluded with implications and suggestions for future studies.
Wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep are characterized by distinct electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG), and autonomic profiles. The ...circuit mechanism coordinating these changes during sleep-wake transitions remains poorly understood. The past few years have witnessed rapid progress in the identification of REM and NREM sleep neurons, which constitute highly distributed networks spanning the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Here we propose an arousal-action circuit for sleep-wake control in which wakefulness is supported by separate arousal and action neurons, while REM and NREM sleep neurons are part of the central somatic and autonomic motor circuits. This model is well supported by the currently known sleep and wake neurons. It can also account for the EEG, EMG, and autonomic profiles of wake, REM, and NREM states and several key features of their transitions. The intimate association between the sleep and autonomic/somatic motor control circuits suggests that a primary function of sleep is to suppress motor activity.
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role in controlling goal-directed behavior. Although a variety of task-related signals have been observed in the PFC, whether they are differentially encoded ...by various cell types remains unclear. Here we performed cellular-resolution microendoscopic Ca2+ imaging from genetically defined cell types in the dorsomedial PFC of mice performing a PFC-dependent sensory discrimination task. We found that inhibitory interneurons of the same subtype were similar to each other, but different subtypes preferentially signaled different task-related events: somatostatin-positive neurons primarily signaled motor action (licking), vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive neurons responded strongly to action outcomes, whereas parvalbumin-positive neurons were less selective, responding to sensory cues, motor action, and trial outcomes. Compared to each interneuron subtype, pyramidal neurons showed much greater functional heterogeneity, and their responses varied across cortical layers. Such cell-type and laminar differences in neuronal functional properties may be crucial for local computation within the PFC microcircuit.
•Sensory, motor, outcome signals are found in mouse PFC during goal-directed behavior•Inhibitory neurons of the same subtype show similar functional properties•Different subtypes of PFC inhibitory neurons encode different task-related signals•Excitatory neurons are diverse and their task-related activity varies across layers
Cellular-resolution Ca2+ imaging from the mouse PFC during goal-directed behavior reveals sensory, motor, and outcome signals. Interneurons of the same subtype are functionally similar, but different subtypes encode different task-related signals. Excitatory neurons have diverse properties that vary across layers.
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![AIE‐Active Chiral [3]Rotaxa...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1433-7851/small "AIE‐Active Chiral [3]Rotaxanes with Switchable Circularly Polarized Luminescence")
