•A large amount of natural polysaccharides have anti-diabetic activities.•Polysaccharides show their effects by different ways.•The anti-diabetic polysaccharides in the past 5 years were ...summarized.•The chemical characters of these polysaccharides were also summarized.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease attracted worldwide concerns, which severely impairs peoples’ quality of life and is attributed to several life-threatening complications, including atherosclerosis, nephropathy and retinopathy. The current therapies for DM include mainly oral anti-diabetic drugs and insulin. However, continuous use of these causes insulin resistance and side-effects, and the demand of effective, nontoxic and affordable drugs for DM patients is eager. Several previous studies have shown that non-toxic biological macromolecules, mainly polysaccharides, possess prominent efficacies on DM. Based on these encouraging observations, a great deal of efforts have been focused on discovering anti-diabetic polysaccharides for the development of effective therapeutics for DM. This review focuses on the advancements in the anti-diabetic efficacy of various natural polysaccharides and polysaccharide complexes from 2010 to 2015.
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, and the inflammatory response plays an important role in its development and progression.
L. is a traditional Chinese medicine that ...exhibited a significant therapeutic effect on psoriasis in our previous study due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory effect. Meanwhile, the mechanism underlying its effects on psoriasis is still unclear.
An imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis mouse model was constructed to evaluate the protective effect of the effective part of
L. (EPD), which was verified by evaluations of the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunohistochemical examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blot were used to measure the inflammatory cytokines and the protein expression associated with the Toll-like receptor 7- myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88-nuclear Factor-κB-nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (TLR7/8-MyD88-NF-κB-NLRP3) inflammasome pathway.
EPD significantly decreased the PASI, reduced epidermal thickness, and decreased the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells in psoriasis-like dermatitis C57BL/6 mice induced by imiquimod (IMQ). Furthermore, EPD reduced the infiltration of CD3+ cells to psoriatic lesions, as well as ameliorated the elevations of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and inhibited the production of imiquimod-induced inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Besides, EPD decreased the imiquimod-induced expression levels of TLR7, TLR8, TRAF6, MyD88, p-IKKα, p-IKBα, p-NF-κB, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein contained a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1 (caspase-1), and IL-1β.
This study demonstrated that EPD exhibited a protective effect on an imiquimod-induced psoriasis mice model by inhibiting the inflammatory response, which might be ascribed to the inhibition of the TLR7/8-MyD88-NF-κb-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
Phytochemical investigations of the leaves of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. have led to the isolation of 12 undescribed triterpenoid saponins named huangqiyenins M–X. The structures of the ...undescribed compounds were determined using NMR and HRESIMS data. The cytotoxicity of these compounds against the RKO and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines was evaluated. Among these compounds, huangqiyenin W exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity against RKO colon cancer cells, whereas huangqiyenin Q and W showed moderate cytotoxic activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells. The network pharmacology results indicated that STAT3, IL-2 and CXCR1 are the correlated targets of huangqiyenin W against colon cancer, with AGE–RAGE and Th17 cell differentiation as the key signaling pathways.
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•Twelve undescribed triterpenoid saponins were found.•Compound 11 showed preferable cytotoxic activity against RKO cells.•Compounds 1, 5 and 11 showed intermediate cytotoxic activity against HT-29 cells.•Network pharmacology predicted targets and pathways of 11 against colon cancer.
Buddleja officinalis Maxim. (B. officinalis), commonly known as “Menghua” “Yangerduo” is a widely recognized traditional herbal medicine in China, Korea, and Vietnam. For thousands of years, it has ...been used to treat dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, keratitis, eye ulcers, eye pain, cough, asthma, hemoptysis, and other medical conditions.
This review article aims to provide a concise summary of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, medicinal potential, and application of B. officinalis in treating ophthalmic diseases and critically evaluates the existing literature to establish a scientific basis for its reasonable utilization and further investigation.
The information reviewed in this study was collected from various electronic resources, including the Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar.
To date, 80 structurally diverse compounds have been isolated and characterized from B. officinalis, primarily flavonoids, phenylethanoids, triterpenoids, and monoterpenes. Extracts and compounds derived from B. officinalis have been reported to possess broad pharmacological effects including anti-dry eye disease, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, improving osteoporosis and treatment of skin diseases. This review provides a reference for the future studies on of B. officinalis.
As a natural medicinal plant, B. officinalis is worthy of further development in botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential for ophthalmic diseases. Although some components have demonstrated multiple pharmacological activities, their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Further studies on the underlying molecular basis and mechanism of action are warranted.
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•B. officinalis is a common natural medicinal plant with multiple therapeutic effects.•The phytochemical compositions of B. officinalis have various biological activities.•B. officinalis has great potential to treat dry eye diseases.
Schott (
) is a natural medicinal plant. It plays an indispensable role in the treatment of diseases by the empirical medicine system and has achieved remarkable curative effects.
is often used to ...treat various diseases, such as depression, epilepsy, fever, dizziness, heartache, stomachache, etc. More than 160 compounds of different structural types have been identified in
, including phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, lignans, flavonoids, alkaloids, amides, and organic acids. These bioactive ingredients make
remarkable for its pharmacological effects, including antidepressant, antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, antianxiety, neuroprotective, antifatigue, and antifungal effects, improving Alzheimer's disease, and so on. It is noteworthy that
has been widely used in the treatment of brain diseases and nervous system diseases and has achieved satisfactory therapeutic effects. This review focused on the research publications of
and aimed to summarize the advances in the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology, which will provide a reference for further studies and applications of
.
A new aromatic glycoside (1) and twelve (2-13) known aromatic glycosides were isolated from the n-butyl alcohol of the 70% EtOH extract of the aerial part of Bupleurum chinense. Among them, compounds ...4-7, 9, 11-13 were isolated from Umbelliferae plants for the first time. Their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration of compound 1 was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 6 and 10 showed moderate cytotoxic activities on MGC-803 cell lines with IC
50
values of 8.63 ± 0.08 and 13.65 ± 1.73 μM, respectively.
A modified GC-MS analytical procedure based on trimethylsilyl-dithioacetal (TMSD) derivatization has been established for a simultaneous determination of thirteen carbohydrates. Different from ...previous approaches, the current GC-MS method was featured by a powerful practicability for simultaneous detection of aldoses, uronic acids, ketoses, and amino sugars; simplifying GC-MS chromatograms and producing a single peak for each derivatized sugar, as well as high resolution, sensitivity, and repeatability. An additional liquid-liquid extraction from derivatization mixtures was performed not only to increase the detection sensitivity of amino sugars but also to decrease the by-products of derivatization. Contrarily, three amino sugars were detected at a very low intensity or not detected at all. The effect of time on monosaccharide- mercaptalated reaction was systematically investigated. The effect of trimethylsilylation on the formation of TMSD was also optimized. The established GC-MS based on TMSD derivatization was suitable for complex carbohydrate analysis and has been successfully applied for the detection of free carbohydrates in water extracts of
roots and determination of monosaccharides in
polysaccharides.
A new sesquiterpenoid glycoside, consisting of one vetispirane-type, dmetelisproside A (1), together with two known megastigmane sesquiterpenoids, citroside A (2) and staphylionoside D (3) were ...isolated from the leaves of Datura metel L. The structures were determined by analysis of their MS and NMR data as well as by comparison with literature values. All isolates were evaluated for cytotoxicity toward SGC-7901, Hepg2, HeLa, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines, and anti-inflammatory activity against nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited pronounced cytotoxicity against SGC-7901 and HeLa cells with IC
50
values in the range of 21.43 to 29.51 μm. All three compounds displayed potential effects against NO production with IC
50
values of 31.10, 34.25, and 44.31 μm, respectively. Thus, these isolated compounds in the leaves of Datura metel L were subjected to bioactivity substances for future studies on medicinal application.
Eight new inositol derivatives, solsurinositols A-H (
-
), were isolated from the 70% EtOH extract of the leaves of
Allioni. Careful isolation by silica gel column chromatography followed by ...preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed us to obtain analytically pure compounds
-
. They shared the same relative stereochemistry on the ring but have different acyl groups attached to various hydroxyl groups. This was the first time that inositol derivatives have been isolated from this plant. The chemical structures of compounds
-
were characterized by extensive 1D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 2D NMR and mass analyses. Meanwhile, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all compounds was determined using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 microglia, and among the isolates, compounds
(IC
= 11.21 ± 0.14 µM) and
(IC
= 14.5 ± 1.22 µM) were shown to have potential anti-inflammatory activity.
Phenylpropionamides in the seed of Cannabis sativa L. (PHS) have a protective effect on neuroinflammation and antioxidant activity. In this study, the UHPLC‐Orbitrap‐fusion‐TMS‐based metabolomics ...approach was used to analyze the serum samples and identify potential biomarkers in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats. The results revealed that primary bile acid biosynthesis and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism were significantly correlated with STZ‐induced AD rats. In addition, the key enzymes in these two pathways were verified at the protein level. The levels of cysteine dioxygenase type I (CDO1), cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), cysteamine (2‐aminoethanethiol) dioxygenase (ADO), 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and sterol 12α‐hydroxylase (CYP8B1) were the key enzymes affecting the two pathways in AD rats compared with the control group (CON). Furthermore, after a high‐dose group of phenylpropionamides in the seed of Cannabis sativa L. (PHS−H) was administrated, the levels of CDO1, CSAD, CYP7A1, and CYP8B1 were all callback. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the anti‐AD effect of PHS is associated with the regulation of primary bile acid biosynthesis and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism in STZ‐induced AD rats.
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