Based on MnO2/carbon cloth (CC) composite materials, an Ag-doped MnO2 nanowire, self-assembled, urchin-like structure was synthesized in situ on the surface of CC using a simple method, and a novel ...and efficient flexible electrode material for supercapacitors was developed. The morphology, structure, elemental distribution, and pore distribution of the material were analyzed using SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, and BET. The electrochemical performance was tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD). In the three-electrode system, GCD testing showed that the specific capacitance of the material reached 520.8 F/g at 0.5 A/g. After 2000 cycles at a current density of 1 A/g, the capacitance retention rate was 90.6%, demonstrating its enormous potential in the application of supercapacitor electrode materials.
Mining activities are the primary human-induced disturbances on plant communities in various ecosystems, and they also are important for implementing strategies of ecological protection and ...restoration based on them. The effects of underwater mining on plant communities in wetland ecosystems, however, are seldom demonstrated, and it is also difficult to accurately evaluate the state of plant communities’ condition, considering the dynamic and randomness of plant communities under multiple factors, including climate, mining, and other human activities. To address these issues, a “Status-Habitat-Potential” (SHP) model has been developed, with nine indicators from the status, habitat, and potential of plant communities, and the plant communities in the Nansi Lake mining area are evaluated to illustrate the effects of underwater mining. Time series remote sensing images from Sentinel-2 and Google Earth Engine are applied. Comparison analysis, Global Moran’s index, and hot and cold analysis are also used to demonstrate the spatial characteristics of the SHP index. Results show that the SHP index varies between 0 and 0.57 and shows a high aggregation pattern according to the Global Moran’s index (0.41), with high and low values aggregating in the center of the lake and living areas, respectively. The SHP index between subsidence and contrast areas shows no significant difference (at p < 0.05), indicating little effect of mining subsidence on plant communities directly. Overall, underwater mining would not cause as obvious effects on plant communities as underground mining, but human activities accompanied by mining activities will result in the loss of plant communities around lake shores and river channels. This study put forward a new model to evaluate plant communities in terms of their status, habitat, and potential, which could also be used to illustrate other long-term effects of disturbances on plant communities.
This paper compares and contrasts the invention patents of the US and China focusing on the application and granting practices. The findings show that both countries appear to make efforts to provide ...equal treatment to domestic and foreign applicants for patents in terms of pendency, but domestic applicants seem to enjoy more certainty of the patent being granted within the pendency period than foreign applicants in both countries. As regards grants, the US is equal in granting patents to domestic and foreign applications; China appears to give preferential treatment to domestic applications. Such practices have implications for both patenting policy and activities.
Patent litigation has attracted scholarly attention to reconcile multiple views for new research. Accordingly, this paper addresses patent litigation strategy and its effect on the firm. Based on 106 ...papers and articles, six books, the author's logic and practice impressions, it first defines patent litigation strategy and differentiates similar concepts. Second, based on the process, the author fine‐tunes patent litigation strategy into three tactics: threat, filing and verdict. Then, she categorizes and examines the impact of patent litigation on market value, monetary gain/loss and strategic collaboration. The findings show that the effect on the market value is more complex and ambiguous than anticipated, and sometimes contradictory. The analysis shows the consistency of monetary effect in practice, that firms tend to have higher monetary gains from private settlement than from legal awards. It also demonstrates that existing studies lag behind reality in investigating the detailed role of patent litigation on strategic collaboration from partnership (e.g. licensing and strategic alliance) to takeover (i.e. merger and acquisition). Finally, the author reflects on the findings, and maps out critical paths toward new research. This process also reveals that stakeholders, industrial settings and country environments moderate the studied relationship. This paper contributes to knowledge and practice: appreciates the interdisciplinary endeavors to draw the findings; categorizes patent litigation and its effect; and critiques prior studies on the relationship to integrate knowledge for future research.
Prior research has examined consumer intentions to purchase fakes, branding strategies and anti-counterfeiting actions, but little attention seems to have been paid to the role of consumers' ability ...to discern fakes and branding strategies against counterfeiting. This article, thus, based on a study of 128 multinational managers' experience in China, examines these inter-relationships. As a result, we address how knowledgeable and experienced managers in branding, consumer consumption and anti-counterfeiting effort perceive consumers' ability to discriminate fakes from originals interacts with branding strategies, and how such relationship influences the effectiveness of anti-counterfeiting effort. Our findings suggest that consumer discrimination itself has no significant effect on anti-counterfeiting success. However, it significantly interacts with branding strategies to predict a means to mitigate brand damage. That is, consumers' ability to discriminate fakes from originals appears to undermine efforts to mitigate brand damage from counterfeiting, at least in China when branding is based on improving product features or advertising and promotion. However, if branding emphasises after sales service, consumers' ability to discriminate was found to enhance firms' ability to limit counterfeiting damage to bands. Such interactions, however, did not help stop counterfeiting, except that branding based on reliability appears to have such a positive effect.
•This paper addresses national treatment for IP uncertainties to find out if it is upheld, its changing nature, and differences between patents and trademarks.•It grounds the study based on the ...institutional theory, empirical evidence in the US and China, the lagged regression modeling of longitudinal data, and studies of multiple comparators.•NTIPU is upheld in the past 12 years for trademarks due to equal or favorable treatment for foreigners in granting for both countries, and in pendency for China, but not upheld against pendency due to shorter duration for US locals.•Both countries show progress (pendency and foreign granting in China, US granting) or remain unchanged (local granting in China, and US pendency) when compared with pre-2002 eras.•Consistently, patents demonstrate shorter pendency but lower granting than trademarks for both countries.•The findings address theoretical and empirical voids of NTIPU and provide implications to handle IP uncertainties in bilateral collaboration.
This paper addresses national treatment for IP uncertainties (NTIPU) as to whether it is upheld, its changing nature, and differences between patents and trademarks. Based on the institutional theory, empirical evidence in the US and China, the lagged regression modeling of longitudinal data, and multiple comparison, we find that NTIPU is upheld in the past 12 years for trademarks due to equal or favorable treatment for foreigners in granting for both countries, and in pendency for China, but not upheld against pendency due to shorter duration for US locals. Both countries show progress (pendency and foreign granting in China, US granting) or remain unchanged (local granting in China, and US pendency) when compared with pre-2002 eras. Consistently, patents demonstrate shorter pendency but lower granting than trademarks for both countries. The findings address theoretical and empirical voids of NTIPU and provide implications to handle IP uncertainties in bilateral collaboration.
Given China’s rapidly expanding marine aquaculture industry, the associated ecological issues have garnered widespread attention. Therefore, it is crucial to speed up the green growth of marine ...aquaculture in order to save the environment and use resources sustainably. In order to statically assess and dynamically analyze the green development efficiency levels of marine aquaculture in nine coastal provinces of China from 2012 to 2021, this study uses the non-expected output super-efficiency Slacks-Based Measure model and the Global Malmquist–Luenberger index method. Additionally, it integrates input–output redundancy rates to analyze the causes of efficiency loss. Static efficiency primarily reflects whether a region’s inputs and outputs at a given point in time reach an effective efficiency level, while the level of dynamic efficiency mainly gauges the dynamic changes in the efficiency of green production. The results show that, from 2012 to 2021, China’s marine aquaculture industry’s average static efficiency of green output was 0.705. The southern marine economic zone exhibited the highest static efficiency value in the green development of marine aquaculture, displaying a stepped distribution pattern of “south–north–east” in decreasing order. The input–output redundancy analysis reveals that the primary causes of static efficiency loss in China’s marine aquaculture industry are attributed to varying degrees of redundant inputs and carbon emission outputs. Looking through the lens of the GML index, the annual average growth rate of the green total factor productivity in China’s marine aquaculture stands at 11.1%, with an annual average change in technical efficiency of 1.8%, while the annual average change in technological progress amounts to 9.1%, suggesting that technological advancement is the primary driver of the rise in green total factor productivity in China’s marine aquaculture sector. According to the study, in order to encourage China’s marine aquaculture industry to grow sustainably, efforts should be made not only to accelerate technological advancements but also to enhance technical efficiency. Policies that are specifically designed for the local environment should be developed to support the sustainable development of the marine aquaculture sector and to make resource allocation easier.
An efficient one-pot synthesis of pyrazolo3,4-dpyrimidine derivatives by the four-component condensation of hydrazines, methylenemalononitriles, aldehydes and alcohols has been developed via two ...different reaction pathways. The structures of target products were characterized by IR spectroscopy, NMR ((1)H and (13)C) spectroscopy and HRMS (ESI) spectrometry. The crystal structure of 4-ethoxy-6-(2-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo3,4-dpyrimidine was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
In the title phosphonate, C
19
H
21
O
9
P, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 63.33 (3)°, and the P atom has a distorted tetrahedral geometry, with angles in the range 101.30 (6)–120.38 ...(6)°. No significant intermolecular interactions are observed in the crystal structure, and π–π interactions between symmetry-related benzene rings are beyond 4 Å.
► This paper proposes patent-based strategy of control. ► Complementarity, competitiveness, and conditions impact control. ► They affect decision of arm's length and captive transactions. ► Strategic ...fit can impact the decision on control. ► High patent control drives owners for captive transactions.
This conceptual paper responds to the need for examining the role of patent control over internationalization. It proposes the patent-based strategy of control, in other words, how 3Cs – complementarity, competitiveness, and conditions – impact the strategic decision on corporate control over the patent; thereby the option of commercialization between arm's length and captive transactions. It demonstrates the multiple theoretical natures of business strategies; emphasizes how strategic fit can impact the decision on control; addresses patents as intangible assets that form a comparative and competitive advantage rather than only as a legal right and that have bearing on strategic decision making. The paper proposes that the intention of high control over a patent drives the owner to opt for captive transactions; low control arm's length transactions. Nonetheless, the challenge lies before the decision is made; managers need to assess the ‘strategic fit’ elements that directly impact on the extent of control.
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