Previous studies have implicated the role of CD146 and its soluble form (sCD146) in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. However, the association between CD146 and acute rejection in kidney ...transplant patients remains unexplored. In this study, fifty-six patients with biopsy-proved rejection or non-rejection and 11 stable allograft function patients were retrospectively analyzed. Soluble CD146 in plasma was detected in peripheral blood by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and local CD146 expression in graft biopsy was detected by immunohistochemistry. We found that plasma soluble CD146 in acute rejection recipients was significantly higher than in stable patients without rejection, and the biopsy CD146 staining in the rejection group was higher than that of the non-rejection group. Multivariate analysis demonstrated soluble CD146 as an independent risk factor of acute rejection. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of sCD146 for AR diagnosis was 0.895, and the optimal cut-off value was 75.64 ng/ml, with a sensitivity of 87.8% and a specificity of 80.8%, which was better than eGFR alone (
= 0.02496). Immunohistochemistry showed CD146 expression in glomeruli was positively correlated with the Banff-g score, and its expression in tubules also had a positive relationship with the Banff-t score. Therefore, soluble CD146 may be a potential biomarker of acute rejection. Increased CD146 expression in the endothelial or tubular epithelial cells may imply that endothelial/epithelial dysfunction is involved in the pathogenesis of immune injury.
Display omitted
•The Al removal for the recovery silicon from DWSP by HCl leaching was proposed.•The kinetic mechanism based on the shrinking core model and homogeneous model was investigated.•The ...obtained mechanism of Al removal from DWSP was consistent with material characterization.•This mechanism provides practical value for facilitating impurities release.
Impurity removal is essential for the recovery and regeneration of silicon resources from diamond wire saw powder by metallurgical purification technologies. In this paper, the aluminum was removed from the diamond wire saw powder via a direct HCl leaching method. In order to analyze the removal efficiency of various experimental conditions, certain parameters such as HCl concentration, leaching temperature, reaction time and liquid-solid ratio were also investigated. Particularly, the removal efficiency of Al reached 95.6% under the optimal leaching condition, such as the HCl concentration of 4 mol·L−1, the leaching temperature of 60 °C, the reaction time of 3 h, and the liquid-solid ratio of 10. The shrinking core model and homogeneous model were then respectively utilized to describe the leaching kinetics of the Al removal leaching process. The results indicated that the homogeneous model was more suitable than the shrinking core model. Moreover, the kinetics parameters regarding the reaction orders m=3, n=2.81, the activation energy Ea=97.30kJ mol−1, the frequency factor A=1.11×1014 min−1. Furthermore, the leaching mechanism of Al removal was revealed based on kinetic analysis and materials characterization. This work is of great practical value in terms of regenerating silicon resources from the diamond wire saw powder waste materials with efficient and low cost methods.
Metal impurities and SiO2 shell are two key components that must be eliminated for 6 N silicon remanufacturing from diamond wire saw silicon powder waste. Previous research on 6 N silicon recovery ...has focused more on metal impurity removal without paying sufficient attention to the relationship between metal impurities and the SiO2 shell, even though the surface oxidation of silicon particles is an important factor restricting metal removal. In this study, a novel investigation into the source of metal impurities and the SiO2 shell growth was conducted, combined with acid leaching and linear regression analysis to determine the relationship between the metal impurities and the SiO2 shell. The results indicated that both raw materials displayed strong negative correlations of -0.952 and -0.996 between the removal efficiency and the thickness of the SiO2 shell. And the Al, Fe, Ni, and Mg are more likely to be enriched in the SiO2 shell due to the improper management of metal contaminants and an increase in the O content in the waste stream. Furthermore, source control and comprehensive conservation are recommended for the efficient remanufacture of 6 N silicon. This study provides a new sustainable concept for silicon recovery from diamond wire saw silicon powder waste.
•Si recovery from DWSSP waste is a sustainable route for PV industry.•Metal and SiO2 removal are significant for high purity Si remanufacture.•A quantized negative correlation for metal and SiO2 was firstly determined.•Si recovery was restricted by the metal contamination and O increase.•The study proposes a new sustainable concept for Si recovery.
Wang Z, Yang S, Shi H, Du H, Xue L, Wang L, Dong Y & Han A (2011) Histopathology 58, 1013–1018 Histopathological and immunophenotypic features of testicular tumour of the adrenogenital syndrome
Aims: ... Testicular tumour of the adrenogenital syndrome (TTAGS) is a rare neoplasm histologically resembling Leydig cell tumour (LCT). We report six cases of TTAGS and analyse histopathological and immunophenotypical features that distinguish TTAGS from LCT.
Methods and results: Six cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with bilateral TTAGS were examined histologically and immunohistochemically and compared to seven cases of testicular LCT. TTAGS was characterized histologically by sheets of polygonal cells separated by dense fibrous tissue with focal lymphocyte infiltration. All cases of TTAGS lacked cytological atypia except for one, which displayed scattered large pleomorphic, nuclei with one or two prominent nucleoli and sporadic mitotic figures. Immunohistochemically, all cases of TTAGS showed diffuse and strong positivity for CD56 and negative reactivity for androgen receptor. Reactivity for synaptophysin varied from focal (five cases) or diffuse (one case). In contrast, LCT displayed focal weak to moderate or negative reactivity for CD56 and focal weak or negative reactivity for synaptophysin, but positive reactivity for androgen receptor in six of seven cases.
Conclusions: In addition to clinical information, biochemical profile and histopathological findings, our results suggest that immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies including CD56, synaptophysin and androgen receptor is helpful in differentiating TTAGS from LCT.
Diamond wire saw silicon powder (DWSSP) is a waste produced during silicon wafer processing for photovoltaic (PV) modules, and it shows significant reutilization potential. However, the presence of ...moisture leads to silicon oxidation and the formation of a surface SiO2 layer that hinders the recovery of high-purity silicon. In this study, vacuum treatment (VT) was used to prepare low-oxygen silicon by controlling the oxidation and removing moisture from DWSSP waste, thus preventing SiO2 layer formation. The oxygen content in DWSSP decreased by 15.01 %, from 7.26 % to 6.17 %, and the SiO2 layer thickness also decreased by 10.29 %, from 2.04 nm to 1.83 nm after the VT process. Additionally, the VT process lowered the moisture boiling point, facilitating surface evaporation and internal diffusion of moisture. This increased the moisture effective diffusion coefficient from 5.16 × 10−10–6.16 × 10−9 m2 s−1 to 1.21 × 10−9–6.88 × 10−9 m2 s−1 and reduced the apparent activation energy from 32.17 kJ mol−1 to 16.05 kJ mol−1. The efficient moisture removal of VT inhibited the growth of the SiO2 layer to enable the preparation of low-oxygen silicon during silicon recovery.
•The low-oxygen Si preparation is significance for the PV sustainable development.•Discusses the effects of three methods of moisture removal on Si oxidation.•The low-oxygen Si was prepared via vacuum treatment.•The oxide layer thickness of Si decreased to 1.83 nm with an O content of 6.17 %.
Exploring a sustainable process to dispose diamond wire saw silicon powder (DWSSP) waste produced in the solar crystal silicon wafering process is a research field with significant theoretical ...research value and industrial engineering application. The current consensus on silicon extraction from DWSSP is that SiO2 oxide layer digestion and high-content Al removal are two main factors governing the yield and purity of silicon. To solve these problems, a novelty reaction media of Na2CO3–CaO in the induction furnace roasting–smelting process for silicon extraction and aluminum removal from DWSSP was proposed. The mechanisms of SiO2 digestion and Al removal during the roasting–smelting process were investigated by thermodynamic analysis, mineral transformation, and roasting–smelting experimental investigation. The obtained silicon with a Al removal efficiency of 48.44% and silicon yield of 55.5% was improved from 89.125% to 99.31% under the furnace feed mass composition of 38.4 g Na2CO3, 5.1 g CaO, and 300 g DWSSP, and holding time for 2 h in 1823 K. The novelty reaction media of Na2CO3–CaO is expected to achieve efficient silicon extraction and aluminum removal from DWSSP. This process provides an alternative choice for the commercial production of silicon alloy, silicone, and high purity silicon preparation with a process that is low in cost, is easy to operate, exhibits short flow, and can be sustainably manufactured.
The demand for crystalline silicon wafers is continuing to increase. It is inevitable that high-purity silicon will be lost as loose abrasive slurry silicon powder (LASSP) and diamond wire saw ...silicon powder (DWSSP) during the process of wafer preparation. For this reason, some advanced processes or methods require further development to solve the problems of the high production cost, silicon wafer shortage, and environmental pollution caused by these silicon resources. Some processes and technologies for silicon recovery and purification from LASSP and DWSSP are comprehensively reviewed in this paper. These investigations inform some anticipated technological trends and required improvements, and encourage the development of technological solutions. Furthermore, the authors propose that high-purity silicon for industrial implementations can be recycled from LASSP and DWSSP via a combined process of an acid leaching pretreatment and a high-temperature treatment. Additionally, some existing deficiencies and areas that require enhancement are also proposed for improved impurity removal and silicon recovery with a higher process efficiency.
In this study, the content and calculation equations of each substance in diamond wire saw silicon powder (DWSSP) were determined. Initially, the presence of amorphous SiO
2
was proven by crystal ...transformation. Then, the SiO
2
content was determined by SiO
2
-CaO phase diagram analysis, and the SiO
x
content was determined by using the oxygen conservation rule. The variation trend between the SiO
2
, SiO
x
, and Si contents and the O content was determined, according to the calculated SiO
2
and SiO
x
content. In addition, linear fitting was performed on the SiO
2
, SiO
x
, and Si contents of five DWSSP raw materials, and a calculation equation for SiO
2
, SiO
x
, and Si was obtained through the total O content. The three-layer structure of DWSSP was revealed, the DWSSP consisting of a Si core, an intermediate SiO
x
layer, and a SiO
2
shell. This study can accurately identify the content of SiO
2
, SiO
x
, and Si in DWSSP based on the detected oxygen content, and provide a better theoretical basis for the process selection and design for silicon recovery or high value materials preparation.
PDF
