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•Photo, electro-Fenton and photo-electro-Fenton processes were compared for the removal of % color and COD from landfill leachate.•Photo-electro-Fenton process yielded higher % color ...and COD removal with low power consumption than the photo and electro-Fenton process.•Operating parameters were studied to obtain the process efficiency.•Direct and alternating current photo-electro-Fenton process was studied.
The comparison of photo (UV), electro-Fenton and photo-electro-Fenton process on the removal of % color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) along with power consumption on landfill leachate wastewater was investigated. Experimental results showed that, the hybrid photo-electro-Fenton process yielded higher color (100%) and COD (97%) removal efficiencies with lower power consumption (3.10 kWhr/m3) than the photo and electro-Fenton processes alone. Effect of major operating parameters such as current density (0.07–0.35 A/dm2), solution pH (1.5–5), inter-electrode distance (0.75–3 cm), hydrogen per oxide (H2O2) concentration (75–450 mg/L), COD concentration (1000–5000 ppm) and UV power (8–32 W) on the % COD removal efficiency and power consumption of landfill leachate were investigated. The direct and alternating current photo-electro-Fenton process was studied and reported on the % COD removal and power consumption. The alternating current photo-electro-Fenton process is most suitable in comparison to the direct current photo-electro-Fenton process and can be applied effectively and efficiently for the removal of pollutant from wastewater.
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•Combination of US, O3 and EC process for removal of color, COD with electrical energy consumption from landfill leachate was developed.•US/O3/EC was highly successful in removal of ...color and COD than other hybrid and single processes such as O3/EC, US/EC, US/O3 and EC, O3, US.•Maximum color and COD removal efficiencies were obtained using US/O3/EC with required electrical energy consumption.•Operating parameters have been studied to obtain the hybrid process performance efficiency.
The combination of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and electrochemical process is gaining growing popularity for use in wastewater treatment. The present work explores for the first time, treatment of leachate wastewater from landfill waste using a combination of sonication (US), ozonation (O3) and electrocoagulation (EC) process expressed by % color removal, % Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal and its associated electrical energy consumption. The results revealed that, the combined process (US/O3/EC) is highly successful in the treatment of leachate wastewater from landfill in terms of % color removal (100 %) and % COD removal (97.50 %) with low electrical energy consumption (8kWhr/m3) than the other hybrid and single process such as O3/EC, US/EC, US/O3 and EC, O3, US. The influence of different process parameters such as electrolyte concentration (1.50–7.50 g/L), current density (1.25–7.50 A/dm2), initial effluent pH (2–11), COD concentration (2000–6000 ppm), O3 production (0.75–3.75 g/hr) and sonication power (20–100 Watts) were studied on the efficiency of pollutant removal evaluated by reduction of % color and % COD and electrical energy consumption using hybrid US/O3/EC process. Overall, the analysis clearly showed that the approaches to integrated treatment technologies could synergistically remove the pollutant from the wastewater.
The primary route linking Tobba, Gechi and Beddele has experienced landslides at three locations, causing significant disruption to traffic. The juniper trees and electric poles have suffered damage, ...and the extension lines are at risk. This investigation aims to identify the geotechnical conditions, soil type, and their role in landslide initiation, slope stability analysis, and measures to reduce the risk of landslides. The study employed fieldwork, laboratory analysis, and software analysis. The fieldwork involved measuring the slope geometry and landslide magnitude, as well as geophysical resistivity to determine the soil type and thickness of the weak zone. Soil samples were taken and tested for grain size analysis, Atterberg limit, water content, unit weight of soil, specific gravity, and shear strength parameters, following ASTM procedures. Plaxis v 8.6 software was used to supplement the slope stability analysis. The results indicate that the soil in the study area is classified as MH- elastic silt and elastic silt with sand (S1BH3 and S2BH1) behaving as sand. The fine-grained soil constitutes ≥50% of the soil, which significantly influences the soil properties. The numerical value of the factor of safety (FOS) from slope stability analysis decreases as the phreatic level increases. Electrical resistivity profiling indicated that there is a change in soil matrix and grainsize distribution. The dry unit weight varies from 6.28KN/m3 to 43.23KN/m3 and the slope angle varies from 14.09° to 14.62°. The cohesion of the soil varies from 40.71KN/m2 to 67.02KN/m2 and the angle of internal friction varies from 15.12° to 26.62°. The landslides were triggered by heavy rainfall, and the primary factors affecting slope stability are soil type and characteristics, surface and groundwater, and slope steepness. To maintain the slope's stability, it is recommended to modify the slope geometry, construct sheet piles and retaining walls, provide adequate drainage structures, and afforest the area with long-rooted grass and trees.
Nowadays, increased human activity, industrialization, and urbanization result in the production of enormous quantities of wastewater. Generally, physicochemical and biological methods are employed ...to treat industrial effluent and wastewater and have demonstrated high efficacy in removing pollutants. However, some industrial effluent and wastewater contain contaminants that are extremely difficult to remove using standard physicochemical and biological processes. Previously, electrochemical and hybrid advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were considered a viable and promising alternative for achieving an adequate effluent treatment strategy in such instances. These processes rely on the production of hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive oxidants that efficiently break down contaminants found in wastewater and industrial effluent. This review focuses on the removal of contaminants from industrial effluents and wastewater through the integration of electrochemical and advanced oxidation techniques. These processes include electrooxidation, electrocoagulation/electroflocculation, electroflotation, photo-Fenton, ozone-photo-Fenton, sono-photo-Fenton, photo-electro-Fenton, ozone/electrocoagulation, sono-electrocoagulation, and peroxi/photo/electrocoagulation. The data acquired from over 150 published articles, most of which were laboratory experiments, demonstrated that the hybrid process is more effective in removing contaminants from industrial effluent and wastewater than standalone processes.
The objectives of this study were to predict the inflow and optimal operation of the Koka reservoir under the impact of climate change for the 2020s (2011–2040), 2050s (2041–2070), and 2080s ...(2071–2100) with respect to the reference period (1981–2010). The optimal elevation, storage, and hydropower capacity were modeled using the HEC-ResPRM, whereas the inflow to Koka reservoir was simulated using the calibrated SWAT model. Based on the result, the average annual inflow of the reference period was 139.675 Million Cubic Meter (MCM). However, from 2011 to 2100 an increase of +4.179% to +11.694 is expected. The inflow analysis at different flow regimes shows that the high flow may decline by (−28.528%) to (−22.856%) due to climate change. On the other hand, the low flow is projected to increase by (+78.407%) to (+90.401%) as compared to the low flow of the reference period. Therefore, the impact of climate change on the inflow to the Koka reservoir is positive. The study also indicates that the optimum values of elevation and storage capacity of the Koka reservoir during the reference period were 1590.771 m above mean sea level (a.m.s.l) and 1860.818 MCM, respectively. However, the optimum level and storage capacity are expected to change by (−0.016%) to (−0.039%) and (−2.677%) to (+6.164%), respectively from 2020s to 2080s as compared with their corresponding values during the reference period. On the other hand, the optimum power capacity during the reference period was 16.489 MCM, while it will likely fluctuates between (−0.948%) - (+0.386%) in the face of climate change. The study shows that the optimum elevation, storage, and power capacity were all higher than the corresponding observed values. However, the occurrence month of their peak value will likely shift due to climate change. The study can be used as a first-hand information for the development of reservoir operation guidelines that can account for the uncertainty caused by the impacts of climate change.
•From 2011-2100, the Koka reservoir's storage, power capacity, and elevation may decrease compared to the reference period.•The inflow of the Koka reservoir is predicted to increase, but the temporal fluctuation will likely decrease.•The elevation, storage, and power capacity values of Koka reservoir follow the pattern of inflow distribution.•There could be a monthly shift in peak inflow, optimum elevation, storage, and power capacity due to climate change.
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•Ozone and electrocoagulation processing removed COD, color, and measured electrical energy.•Complete COD and color were eliminated by hybrid O3-AC-EC using less energy than other ...methods.•Integrated O3-AC-EC approach was utilized to examine important operating parameters.•The O3 and AC-EC process synergistic effect was investigated.
The use of conventional direct current-electrocoagulation (DC-EC) in wastewater treatment is limited by its drawbacks, which include electrode passivation, high energy consumption, and significant sludge production. Therefore, to address these issues, alternating current–electrocoagulation (AC-EC) has been developed. This research aimed to compare the efficacy of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and electrochemical including ozone (O3), DC-EC, AC-EC, and O3-direct/alternating current-electrocoagulation (O3-DC/AC-EC) processes, with regard to the elimination of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (%) from distillery industrial wastewater (DIW). Additionally, the study assessed the usage electrical energy (UEE) associated with each process. The results of the experiments indicate that the hybrid O3-AC-EC process achieved complete color–100% and COD–100% removal efficiencies while using less electrical energy—4.90 kWhr m−3—than single processes like O3, DC-EC, AC-EC, and hybrid O3-DC-EC. Using a hybrid O3–AC–EC method, the effects of important operational factors on COD removal efficiency (%) and UEE of DIW were examined. These parameters were COD, pH, treatment duration, distance between electrodes, concentration of O3, current density, electrode pairing, and pulse duty cycle. This work also investigated and reported on the synergistic effect of the O3 and AC-EC processes, as well as kinetic investigations of the O3-AC-EC technique. The O3-AC-EC approach efficiently and effectively removes contaminants from wastewater, making it the most suitable process when compared to the others.
Distillery industrial wastewater (DIW) was tested for color and COD removal percentages using an electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Specifically, the study compared ...direct/alternating–current–electrocoagulation (DC‐EC/AC‐EC), sono (US), and direct/alternating current–electrocoagulation coupled with sono (US) (DC‐EC/US and AC‐EC/US) processes. Also evaluated were the effects of these procedures on the power needed to treat DIW. Experimental results showed that compared to single processes such as DC‐EC, AC‐EC, US, hybrid DC‐EC/US, and the hybrid AC‐EC/US process achieved a total color elimination efficiency of 100 % and a COD elimination efficiency of 100 % while using a lower power consumption of 4.76 kWhrm−3. The effects of important operational factors such treatment duration, cycle of pulse duty, sonication power, current density, chemical oxygen demand, electrode spacing, electrode pairing, pH, concentration of electrolyte on the % removal of COD and power usage of DIW were investigated using hybrid AC‐EC/US process. When using a Fe/Fe electrode combination, the effectiveness of COD removal was shown to be enhanced by increasing the treatment duration, current, US power, and decreasing the COD concentration, electrode spacing. The study also provided the results of an investigation into the synergistic index between AC‐EC and US process and operational cost. Based on its ability to efficiently and effectively remove contaminants from wastewater and industrial effluent, the AC‐EC/US approach stands out among the other methods.
Sono‐alternating current‐electrocoagulation: Electrochemical assisted oxidation procedure removed color, COD, and calculated power utilization. With less energy than other process, hybrid AC‐EC/US eliminated entire color and COD. Hybrid AC‐EC/US approach was used to investigate significant operating parameters. Synergistic index and operating cost of the US and AC‐EC processes were investigated.
The environmental industry has demonstrated an increasing interest in employing electrocoagulation (EC) process to treat industrial wastewater/effluent for recycling/drinking purposes. An iron ...(Fe)/aluminum (Al) plate-based batch recirculation electrocoagulation technology for wastewater treatment in the distillery industry is discussed in this work. The impact of different operational parameters, including COD, wastewater pH, current, inter-electrode spacing, combination of electrodes, recirculation flow rate, concentration of electrolytes, and treatment duration on % color, % COD reduction efficiency, and energy consumption was examined. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that, the color removal was 100 %, COD removal was 99.90 %, and energy consumption was 7.73 kWh m−3 for COD of 3600 mg L−1, current of 0.56 Amp, combination of electrodes of Fe/Fe, inter-electrode spacing of 1 cm, wastewater pH of 7, flow rate of 15 L h−1, concentration of electrolytes of 5 g L−1, and treatment time of 180 min, respectively. It was found that, a longer treatment period, higher electrolyte concentrations and current, lower COD concentrations and recirculation flow rates, Fe/Fe electrode pairings, a pH of 7, and a smaller inter-electrode spacing all contributed to increased % COD reduction efficiency. The quantity of solid sludge formed were studied with the help of operational parameters, and the results were reported. Under the optimized process conditions, the wastewater treated can be fully recovered as clean water. As a consequence of this, the results of the experiments have shown that the batch recirculation electrocoagulation process has the potential to be a more promising solution to the problem of eliminating contaminants from wastewater and industrial effluent.
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•Batch recirculation electrocoagulation (BRE) was developed to remove color, COD from wastewater.•By changing operational parameters, the effectiveness of the process has been investigated.•Quantity of space time yields as well as water recovery were evaluated.•BRE technique was productive and cost-effective way to treat wastewater
•Electrocoagulation and photo processing removed color, COD, and measured energy consumption.•Complete color and COD were eliminated by hybrid UV-AC-EleC using less energy than other methods.•A ...hybrid UV-AC-EleC approach was utilized to examine important operating parameters.•The UV and AC-EleC process synergistic index was investigated.
In this investigation, several electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including photolysis (UV), direct/alternating current-electrocoagulation (DC/AC/EleC), and photo-direct/alternating current-electrocoagulation (UV/DC/AC/EleC) process were examined regarding their capacity in order to reduce the amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color in distillery industrial wastewater (DIW), as well as the effect these factors have on the amount of electricity required to treat the wastewater. Experimental results showed that compared to single UV, DC/EleC, AC/EleC, and hybrid UV/DC/EleC processes, the hybrid UV/AC/EleC process provided excellent color-100 % and COD-100 % removal efficiencies with a lowered usage of energy of 8.54 kWhr m−3. The influence of critical operational variables such as treatment time (30–240 min), photo (8–40 W), pulse duty cycle (0.14–0.86), current (0.15–0.90 Amp), pH (1.50–11.50), chemical oxygen demand (3000–9000 mgL−1), inter electrode spacing (1–4 cm), electrode combination (Fe/Fe, Fe/Al,Al/Fe, Al/Al), and electrolyte concentration (1–5 g L−1) on the efficiency of% color and COD removal, as well as the energy utilization of DIW were examined applying a hybrid UV/AC/EleC method. The synergistic index between UV and the AC/EleC process was also examined and discussed in this work. The UV/AC/EleC technique is the most advantageous choice in comparison to the other approaches since it can be applied to properly and efficiently remove pollutants from wastewater and industrial effluent.
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During the last two decades, there has been an increase in interest the use of electrochemical and advanced oxidation technologies for treatment of industrial wastewater. Efficacy of several ...techniques for treating distilling industry wastewater (DIW), UV light, H2O2, combination of UV and H2O2, direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC)‐electro‐Fenton (EF), and UV combined with DC/AC+EF (UV+DC/AC+EF) processes were all examined. The findings revealed that compared to the UV, H2O2, UV/H2O2, DC/AC+EF, and UV+DC+EF technologies, the UV+AC+EF process resulted total color of 100 % and COD of 100 % elimination efficiency with low energy use 4 kWhr m−3. A response surface methodology (RSM) approach that relies on central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the UV+AC+EF technology‘s parameters for treating DIW. Optimal conditions were obtained by utilizing mathematical and statistical methods in order to maximize COD elimination (89.50 %) and minimize energy consumption (2.775 kWhr m−3). The parameters for this experiment were as follows: UV power: 32 W, H2O2: 320 mg L−1, COD: 2400 mg L−1, CD: 0.2 A dm−2, and duration: 111 min. The combined efficiency of removing % COD using the UV, AC+EF, and UV+AC+EF processes was used to determine the synergistic effect, which was 13.65 %. As a consequence of this, treating industrial wastewater with a hybrid UV+AC+EF technique is significantly more successful.
Photo‐Alternating Current‐Electro‐Fenton: The UV+AC+EF method removed 100 % of color and COD at 4 kWhrm−3 energy consumption. The COD and color removal efficiency and energy consumption were optimized using RSM based CCD. The synergistic effect of UV, AC+EF, and UV+AC+EF processes was determined to 13.65 %. Combination UV+AC+EF technique to wastewater treatment is significantly more successful.
