•All-solid-state complementary ITO/WO3/Ta2O5/NiO/ITO ECD.•UV curing LiClO4+PC+UV as a solid electrolyte.•NiO is an auxiliary layer for a complementary ECD.•ECD deposited by ion-beam assisted ...electron-beam evaporation
This research investigates the optical, nanostructure, electrochemical, and binding-energy performances of a Nickel Oxide (NiO) auxiliary layer for a complementary ultraviolet (UV)-cured all-solid-state electrochromic device (ECD). The complementary ITO/WO3/Ta2O5/Electrolyte/NiO/ITO ECD was separated into two sub-modules, one being the colored NiO anode, the other being the colored WO3 cathode. These were combined using UV curing LiClO4+PC+UV glue as a solid electrolyte. The NiO film was deposited by ion-beam assisted (IAD) electron-beam evaporation under different oxygen flow rates ranging from 5 to 20 sccm, and the evaporation formed columnar nanostructures that allowed the Li+ ions to enter and leave. These experimental results exhibited location shifts for the binding-energy of Ni3d and O1s has the blue shift at the oxygen flow far away of 15 sccm. Depositing the NiO film under an oxygen flow of 15 sccm (111) showed the highest color/bleach variation of ΔT=45.9%@550nm, the greatest cyclic voltammetry (CV) cladding area of Q=31.39 mC, an alternating current (AC) impedance of 28 kΩ, and an ionic conduction rate of 4.46×10−7 S cm−1. The columnar NiO film deposited using IAD electron-beam evaporation has the potential to be used as an auxiliary layer for an all-solid-state ECD.
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Aims and objectives
To explore whether the risk of peripheral venous catheters failure remained constant throughout catheter use in adult patients.
Background
Peripheral venous catheters, widely used ...in adult patients, may have a critical threshold dwell time associated with increased risk of catheter failure.
Design
Prospective, observational study. We have complied with the STROBE checklist of items.
Methods
This study was conducted from July–October 2018 in Hunan, China. Data on patient factors, catheter factors and catheter failure events were collected. Poisson regression was used to assess the effect of catheter dwell time on catheter failure while adjusting for other variables.
Results
A total of 1,477 patients were included in the analysis. There were 854 cases (57.8%) of catheter failure. The median dwell time to catheter failure was 52 hr (interquartile range: 36–73 hr). The incidence rate of catheter failure significantly increased by 1.1%/h in the first 38 hr after catheter insertion. From 39–149 hr, the incidence rate significantly decreased, and at >149 hr, there was no significant change in the incidence rate. Meanwhile, factors such as vascular quality and infused drugs showed having an impact on catheter failure events.
Conclusions
The risk of catheter failure may not remain constant throughout the dwell time. The results suggest that nurses should assess the insertion site frequently in the first 38 hr.
Relevance to clinical practice
The significant increase in the risk of catheter failure per hour may warrant close and frequent inspection of insertion site during the first 38 hr.
Identifying essential targets in the genome-scale metabolic networks of cancer cells is a time-consuming process. The present study proposed a fuzzy hierarchical optimization framework for ...identifying essential genes, metabolites and reactions. On the basis of four objectives, the present study developed a framework for identifying essential targets that lead to cancer cell death and evaluating metabolic flux perturbations in normal cells that have been caused by cancer treatment. Through fuzzy set theory, a multiobjective optimization problem was converted into a trilevel maximizing decision-making (MDM) problem. We applied nested hybrid differential evolution to solve the trilevel MDM problem to identify essential targets in genome-scale metabolic models for five consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs) of colorectal cancer. We used various media to identify essential targets for each CMS and discovered that most targets affected all five CMSs and that some genes were CMS-specific. We obtained experimental data on the lethality of cancer cell lines from the DepMap database to validate the identified essential genes. The results reveal that most of the identified essential genes were compatible with the colorectal cancer cell lines obtained from DepMap and that these genes, with the exception of EBP, LSS, and SLC7A6, could generate a high level of cell death when knocked out. The identified essential genes were mostly involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, nucleotide metabolisms, and the glycerophospholipid biosynthetic pathway. The genes involved in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway were also revealed to be determinable, if a cholesterol uptake reaction was not induced when the cells were in the culture medium. However, the genes involved in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway became non-essential if such a reaction was induced. Furthermore, the essential gene CRLS1 was revealed as a medium-independent target for all CMSs.
Communication networks are difficult to model and predict because they have become very sophisticated and dynamic. We develop a reinforcement learning routing algorithm (RL-Routing) to solve a ...traffic engineering (TE) problem of SDN in terms of throughput and delay. RL-Routing solves the TE problem via experience, instead of building an accurate mathematical model. We consider comprehensive network information for state representation and use one-to-many network configuration for routing choices. Our reward function, which uses network throughput and delay, is adjustable for optimizing either upward or downward network throughput. After appropriate training, the agent learns a policy that predicts future behavior of the underlying network and suggests better routing paths between switches. The simulation results show that RL-Routing obtains higher rewards and enables a host to transfer a large file faster than Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Least Loaded (LL) routing algorithms on various network topologies. For example, on the NSFNet topology, the sum of rewards obtained by RL-Routing is 119.30, whereas those of OSPF and LL are 106.59 and 74.76, respectively. The average transmission time for a 40GB file using RL-Routing is <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{25.2}~s</tex-math></inline-formula>. Those of OSPF and LL are <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{63}~s</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{53.4}~s</tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively.
Anomaly detection has been an important research topic in data mining and machine learning. Many real-world applications such as intrusion or credit card fraud detection require an effective and ...efficient framework to identify deviated data instances. However, most anomaly detection methods are typically implemented in batch mode, and thus cannot be easily extended to large-scale problems without sacrificing computation and memory requirements. In this paper, we propose an online oversampling principal component analysis (osPCA) algorithm to address this problem, and we aim at detecting the presence of outliers from a large amount of data via an online updating technique. Unlike prior principal component analysis (PCA)-based approaches, we do not store the entire data matrix or covariance matrix, and thus our approach is especially of interest in online or large-scale problems. By oversampling the target instance and extracting the principal direction of the data, the proposed osPCA allows us to determine the anomaly of the target instance according to the variation of the resulting dominant eigenvector. Since our osPCA need not perform eigen analysis explicitly, the proposed framework is favored for online applications which have computation or memory limitations. Compared with the well-known power method for PCA and other popular anomaly detection algorithms, our experimental results verify the feasibility of our proposed method in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.
Since the first report of bifunctional sulfonamide organocatalysts in 2004, these chiral compounds have proven to be a reliable hydrogen‐bonding catalyst and have been wildly employed in asymmetric ...organocatalysis due to its strong acidity and self‐aggregation‐free property. Herein, we review the application of bifunctional sulfonamide as hydrogen‐bonding catalyst after 2011, and our highlights will cover asymmetric process including aldol reaction, Michael addition, Mannich reaction, desymmetrization and cyclization.
Bifunctional sulfonamides are powerful H‐bonding catalysts in asymmetric organocatalysis due to their strong acidity and self‐aggregation‐free property. In this article, we tried to summarize bifunctional sulfonamides used as H‐bonding catalysts in various asymmetric processes reported after 2011. The performances of these catalysts in asymmetric reaction including their catalytic activity, enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity were reviewed.
With the rapid development of lithium-ion battery technology in the electric vehicle (EV) industry, the lifetime of the battery cell increases substantially; however, the reliability of the battery ...pack is still inadequate. Because of the complexity of the battery pack, a reliability design method for a lithium-ion battery pack considering the thermal disequilibrium is proposed in this paper based on cell redundancy. Based on this method, a three-dimensional electric-thermal-flow-coupled model, a stochastic degradation model of cells under field dynamic conditions and a multi-state system reliability model of a battery pack are established. The relationships between the multi-physics coupling model, the degradation model and the system reliability model are first constructed to analyze the reliability of the battery pack and followed by analysis examples with different redundancy strategies. By comparing the reliability of battery packs of different redundant cell numbers and configurations, several conclusions for the redundancy strategy are obtained. More notably, the reliability does not monotonically increase with the number of redundant cells for the thermal disequilibrium effects. In this work, the reliability of a 6 × 5 parallel-series configuration is the optimal system structure. In addition, the effect of the cell arrangement and cooling conditions are investigated.
•A novel reliability design method for lithium-ion battery pack is proposed.•Relationships of multi-physics, degradation and reliability models are constructed.•The temperature distribution and reliability of different battery pack are analyzed.•The effect of temperature inconsistency on the cell redundancy strategy is analyzed.•An optimal redundancy strategy of a battery pack is obtained in this paper.
In this paper, the nonlinear bending and vibrational characteristics of porous tubes are analyzed for the first time. Within the framework of the nonlocal strain gradient theory, a size-dependent ...model for the tubes with radial inhomogeneity is formulated. It is assumed that the tube is made from functionally graded materials (FGM). Employed a new model for tubes which takes into account of the shear deformation effects, the motion equations are derived with the help of Hamilton variational principle and determined by the two-step perturbation technique. The validity and feasibility of the method are verified by actual examples. The effects of different parameters such as scaling parameters, porosity volume fraction, power law index and inner-to-outer radius ratio on the nonlinear bending and vibration behaviors of the porous tubes are particularly discussed.
This article presents a comprehensive survey of both attack and defense mechanisms within the federated learning (FL) landscape. Furthermore, it explores the challenges involved and outlines future ...directions for the development of a robust and efficient FL solution.
Sensors are core elements to directly obtain information from surrounding objects for further detecting, judging and controlling purposes. With the rapid development of soft electronics, flexible ...sensors have made considerable progress, and can better fit the objects to detect and, thus respond to changes more sensitively. Recently, as a newly emerging electronic ink, liquid metal is being increasingly investigated to realize various electronic elements, especially soft ones. Compared to conventional soft sensors, the introduction of liquid metal shows rather unique advantages. Due to excellent flexibility and conductivity, liquid-metal soft sensors present high enhancement in sensitivity and precision, thus producing many profound applications. So far, a series of flexible and wearable sensors based on liquid metal have been designed and tested. Their applications have also witnessed a growing exploration in biomedical areas, including health-monitoring, electronic skin, wearable devices and intelligent robots etc. This article presents a systematic review of the typical progress of liquid metal-enabled soft sensors, including material innovations, fabrication strategies, fundamental principles, representative application examples, and so on. The perspectives of liquid-metal soft sensors is finally interpreted to conclude the future challenges and opportunities.
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