More and more conventional electromechanical meters are being replaced with smart meters because of their substantial benefits such as providing faster bi-directional communication between utility ...services and end users, enabling direct load control for demand response, energy saving and so on. However, the fine-grained usage data provided by smart meter brings additional vulnerabilities from users to companies. Occupancy detection is one such example which causes privacy violation of smart meter users. Detecting the occupancy of a home is straightforward with time of use information as there is a strong correlation between occupancy and electricity usage. In this work, our major contributions are twofold. First, we validate the viability of an occupancy detection attack based on a machine learning technique called Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) method and demonstrate improved results. In addition, we introduce an Adversarial Machine Learning Occupancy Detection Avoidance (AMLODA) framework as a counter attack in order to prevent abuse of energy consumption. Essentially, the proposed privacy-preserving framework is designed to mask real-time or near real-time electricity usage information using calculated optimum noise without compromising users' billing systems functionality. The results show that without the use of the proposed AMLODA approach, our occupancy detection attack models using LSTM achieve a high detection rate with Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) value of 0.89 on average for the five different households energy consumption data under investigation captured during the winter and summer seasons. With the proposed AMLODA approach working to protect consumers' privacy, occupancy detection attacks are demonstrated to be mitigated with the MCC values of the attack models converging to zero with no significant change over the actual consumption data and thus protecting needed functionalities of the utility companies.
Despite the introduction of novel sutureless posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) fixation techniques, some conditions still require suture-assisted scleral fixation. If the scleral fixation ...suture knot is left directly under the conjunctiva, it may become exposed, resulting in an increased risk of endophthalmitis. To avoid this problem, we offer a new alternative, simple, and safe way for burying the end of the suture using knots in this report.
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM) is a benign chronic inflammatory breast disease that mimics breast cancer, and the etiopathogenesis has not yet been fully evaluated. Autoimmunity has received ...the most focus as a possible etiology. Our aim in this prospective clinical study was to investigate the possible association between the cytokines, interleukin IL-17, IL-22, IL-23 and IGM.
The current study was conducted in 26 women with histopathologically diagnosed IGM, and 15 control women of reproductive age having no breast disease history. Blood samples were collected, and serum concentrations of IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23 were determined.
In the analysis of variables, the patients with IGM and the control group had statistically significant differences between serum IL-22 titers (p = 0.0378) and IL-23 titers (p = 0.0469. No statistically significant difference was found between IGM patients and the control group in serum IL-17 titers (p = 0.9724).
The results of the current study, especially pertaining to serum IL-22 and IL-23 levels, support the etiopathogenesis of IGM in favor of the autoinflammatory thesis. Nevertheless, this thesis should be supported by a large case number and prospective clinical studies.
A new colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for visual determination of carbonate ions was developed by the microwave assisted solvent free synthesis of 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(4-methylphenyl) coumarin ...(DHMC). The structural characterization of DHMC was confirmed by microanalysis and spectroscopy methods (MALDI-TOF, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 2D HETCOR). The binding behaviors of DHMC were investigated towards various anions by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. DHMC showed a selective and sensitive fluorometric and colorimetric responses towards carbonate ion over other anions. The detection limit of CO32- was found to be 1.03 µM. Moreover, the fluorescence imaging in living cells suggests that DHMC has a great potential in the biological imaging application. It has been demonstrated that DHMC can be used as a rapid and reliable sensor for the determination of carbonate anion in a variety of practical applications.
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•A novel coumarin based fluorescent probe (DHMC) was synthesized.•DHMC was characterized by using NMR, FT-IR, MS, Fluorescence and UV–vis data.•DHMC displayed highly selective and sensitive recognition towards CO32-.•The sensor DHMC was utilized for fluorescence imaging of CO32- ions in living cells.
Synthesis of the 2-amino-4-phenyl-6- (isocoumarin-3-yl) -3-cyanopyridine (APICP) containing both isocoumarin and pyridine ring in its structure was carried out, and this compound was characterized by ...ATR-FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectral techniques. A fluorescence sensor determining Hg2+ and Fe3+ ions in DMSO/HEPES buffer solution (9/1 v/v, 5 μM, pH 7.0) was developed using the synthesized compound, and the detection limits of the sensor with exquisite selectivity were calculated as 8.12 nM and 5.51 nM for Hg2+ and Fe3+ ions, respectively. Jobs plot method was used to determine the stoichiometry of APICP-Hg2+/Fe3+ complexes as 2:1 and FT-IR and ESI-MS methods confirmed the results. Besides, cell growth inhibitory potentials of the sensor over HepG2 cells and in vivo fluorescent cell imaging experiments were conducted. Findings revealed the relatively low cytotoxic effects of the synthesized sensor (IC50: 0.541 ± 0.039 mM), and it could be utilized as an intracellular imaging agent for the determination of Fe3+ and Hg2+ ions in biological systems.
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•Isocoumarin based fluorescent probe for Hg2+ and Fe3+ was synthesized and characterized.•Detection limits of the sensor were 8.12 nM and 5.51 nM for Hg2+ and Fe3+ ions, respectively.•Cell growth inhibitory potentials of the sensor over HepG2 cells were conducted.•Fluorescent imaging experiments using HepG2 cell were carried out successfully.
Mixed integer linear programming (MILP) is known as a type of programming that can combine continuous variables, integer variables, and (0-1) variables in the same algorithm and generate fitting ...results for the data. Using this technique, it is possible to model and solve complex problems in many different fields such as economics, biology, engineering, etc. In the present study, a regional planning model was developed using MILP technique for the conversion of manure from dairy and beef cattle into biogas and electrical energy. For this regional planning study, considering the locations of future facilities, data on dairy and beef cattle in the Isparta province of Türkiye were used. According to the model written and solution outputs, to utilize all manure obtained from dairy and beef cattles in Isparta, 5 biogas plants with a total manure processing capacity of approximately 522,000 tons should be built in different districts. It is possible to produce a total of approximately 21,000,000 m3 of biogas and 38,500 MW of electricity per year in these biogas plants. This electrical energy obtained can meet 3.83% of the annual electricity consumption of Isparta province.
The production of renewable energy is becoming one of the most important issues for communities due to the increasing energy demand. The purpose of this paper is to develop a systematized, ...sustainability-focused evaluation framework for determining the efficiency of wind farms in Turkey. The environmental impact and long-term viability of wind farms are evaluated using an evaluation framework centered on sustainability. The evaluation of their sustainability involves analyzing their energy production, environmental impacts and economic viability. In this study, DEA–Fuzzy COPRAS aims to evaluate the efficiency of 11 wind power plants located in Turkey in the Marmara Region. As inputs, the number of wind turbines, investment cost and distance from the grid are selected. As output, electricity is produced, and daily production time is considered. The proposed DEA–Fuzzy COPRAS aims to eliminate the disadvantages of the conventional methods and to be able to make better decisions regarding the weight value under uncertain conditions. The main advantages of the proposed DEA–Fuzzy COPRAS include a more accurate evaluation of efficiency and the ability to consider multiple criteria simultaneously. Additionally, the proposed DEA–Fuzzy COPRAS considers uncertainty in the inputs and outputs of wind energy production. The results of the proposed work are validated by comparing them with those obtained from a sensitivity analysis of the criteria. Therefore, decision makers can evaluate the efficiency of wind power plants accurately under an imprecise environment. Wind power plant managers or investors and other renewable energy projects can benefit from the proposed method’s implementation by allowing governments and stakeholders to save money and make better use of resources during the planning phase.
Herein, we report the preparation of a fluorescent sensor based on coumarin derivative for copper (II) ion sensing in CH
3
CN/HEPES media. 6,7–dihydroxy–3–(4–(trifluoro)methylphenyl)coumarin (
HMAC
) ...sensor was fabricated and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. The sensor demonstrates “turn on–off” fluorescence quenching in the presence of copper (II) ions at 458 nm. A clear complex between the chemosensor
HMAC
and copper (II) ions was characterized by ESI–MS as well as the Job’s method. Also, the limit of detection (LOD, 3
σ
/
k
) value was determined as 24.5 nM in CH
3
CN/HEPES (95/5,
v
/v) buffer media (pH = 7.0). This value is lower than the admissible level of copper (II) ions in drinking water (maximum 31.5 μM) reported by EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The theoretical calculations (density functional theory, DFT) have been performed for the geometric optimized structures. As a final stage, real sample analyses have successfully been performed by using
HMAC
, as well as ICP–OES method. The relative standard deviation for copper (II) in mineral and drinking water samples has been determined to be below 0.15% and recovery values are in the range of 95.48–109.20%.
ABSTRACTOpen source Global Digital Elevation Models (GDEMs) serve as an important base for studies in geosciences. However, these models contain vertical errors due to various reasons. In this study, ...data from two Satellite LiDAR altimetry systems, GEDI and ICESat-2, were used to improve the vertical accuracy of GDEMs. Three different machine learning methods, namely an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), were employed to improve existing DEM data with satellite LiDAR data. The methodology was tested in five areas with varying characteristics. Ground control data were selected from high accuracy DEMs generated from Airborne LiDAR and GNSS data. The use of ANN method improved the vertical accuracy of SRTM data from 6.45 to 3.72 m in Test area-4. Similarly, the CNN method demonstrated an improvement in the vertical accuracy of bare ground SRTM data increasing from 3.4 to 0.6 m in Test area-4. In Test area-5, the ANN method improved the vertical accuracy of SRTM data with slopes between 30 and 60%, increasing from 3.8 to 0.5 m. Notably, the results underscore the successful improvement of GDEMs across all test areas.
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of paracetamol, an analgesic and antipyretic that is used in emergency departments and neurosurgery departments for postoperative pain management on ...intervertebral disc tissue. Paracetamol-treated human primary cell cultures and untreated cell cultures were compared using molecular analyses. Cell proliferation and gene expression were statistically analyzed. Cell proliferation was suppressed on days 10 (P=0.05) and 20 (P<0.05) in the paracetamol-treated groups. Gene expression of chondroadherin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, MMP-13 and MMP-19 was higher in the paracetamol-treated samples while gene expression of Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein and interleukin-1β was lower (P<0.05). Paracetamol, which appears innocuous compared with many analgesics, may increase the expression of MMPs, which serve a significant role in catabolic reactions and suppress the proliferation of intact intervertebral disc tissue cells.
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