Abstract Introduction Early vaccination of cattle with an inactivated commercial bacterial vaccine against bovine respiratory disease has been reported to increase antibody production and can ...alleviate the disease. However, its dosage has been little investigated in young Holstein calves. This study addresses the need to establish guide values for vaccine dosage in these animals. Material and Methods Healthy calves received an inactivated vaccine for Histophilus somni , Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica intramuscularly at the ages of 1 and 4 weeks. Administered vaccine doses were 1.0 mL for the primary and booster vaccinations (1.0 + 1.0 group), 0.5 mL for the primary and 1.0 mL for the booster vaccination (0.5 + 1.0 group), or 0.5 mL for both vaccinations (0.5 + 0.5 group). Results Differences in the vaccine responses between the 1.0 + 1.0 group and 0.5 + 1.0 group were minor. However, the number of calves with a positive vaccine response to H. somni in the 0.5 + 0.5 group was less than half of that in the 1.0 + 1.0 and 0.5 + 1.0 groups. In logistic regression analysis, although the booster vaccination dose was positively correlated with seropositivity for H. somni , the primary vaccination dose was not correlated with vaccine response. The number of calves with positive vaccine responses to M. haemolytica was low even after booster vaccination regardless of the dose. Conclusion The dose of 0.5 mL can be used for primary vaccinations in newborn Holstein calves, but 1.0 mL may be required for booster vaccinations.
Early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia is very important to begin appropriate treatment promptly and to prevent disease exacerbation. We investigated the screening accuracy ...of the Japanese version of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III (ACE-III) to diagnose MCI and dementia.
The original ACE-III was translated and adapted to Japanese. It was then administered to a Japanese population. The Hasegawa Dementia Scale-revised (HDS-R) and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) were also applied to evaluate cognitive dysfunction. In total, 389 subjects (dementia = 178, MCI = 137, controls = 73) took part in our study.
The optimal ACE-III cut-off scores to detect MCI and dementia were 88/89 (sensitivity 0.77, specificity 0.92) and 75/76 (sensitivity 0.82, specificity 0.90), respectively. ACE-III was superior to HDS-R and MMSE in the detection of MCI or dementia. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability of ACE-III were excellent.
ACE-III is a useful cognitive test to detect MCI and dementia. ACE-III may be widely useful in clinical practice.
Basophilic Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD) is a tau-negative form of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), characterized by neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCI) that are visible on hematoxylin and ...eosin stain (HE), contain RNA, and are inconsistently ubiquitin-immunoreactive (ir). The normal nuclear expression of TDP-43 is not altered. Here we investigate whether the distribution of the structurally and functionally related protein fused in sarcoma (FUS) is altered in BIBD. Mutations in the
FUS
gene have recently been identified as a cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition to these familial ALS cases, FUS protein has recently been demonstrated in NCI in a subset of FTLD with ubiquitinated inclusions (atypical FTLD-U) and in neuronal intermediate filament inclusion disease (NIFID). We examined seven BIBD brains of patients with average age at onset 46 (range 29–57) and average duration of disease 8 years (range 5–12). Three cases presented with the behavioural variant of fronto-temporal dementia (FTD-bv) and one with FTD-bv combined with severe dysarthria. All four developed motor neuron disease/ALS syndrome (MND/ALS) several years later. In the other three cases, presentation was predominantly with motor symptoms, construed as MND/ALS in two, and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) in one. Severity of cortical degeneration varied, but all cases shared severe nigrostriatal atrophy and lower motor neuron pathology. In spared areas of cortex, FUS antibodies showed intense labelling of neuronal nuclei and weak positivity of cytoplasm, whereas, in affected areas, intense labelling of NCI was accompanied by reduction or disappearance of the normal IR pattern. The number of FUS-ir NCI was much greater than the number detected by HE or with ubiquitin or P62 immunohistochemistry. FUS-ir glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI) were abundant in the grey and white matter in all cases, whereas neuronal intranuclear inclusions were rare and only seen in 2/7 cases. Thus, BIBD shares with atypical FTLD-U and NIFID the presence of FUS-ir NCI and GCI, and together comprise a new biochemical category of neurodegenerative disease (FUS proteinopathies). The consistent involvement of motorneurons in BIBD indicates that the association of FTLD and MND/ALS can occur on a FUS or TDP-43 pathological substrate.
Outcomes, especially survival, after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) in patients with dementia remain unclear. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of dementia on survival after ...PEG and to explore the risk factors in elderly patients.
A total of 311 consecutive Japanese patients who underwent PEG were enrolled in this retrospective cohort study. Dementia was defined according to the standard criteria. After the clinical characteristics of patients with and without dementia were compared, the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis were applied to analyze survival rates.
Survival was not significantly different between the two groups. The 12-month survival rate of patients with dementia (N = 143) was 51%, and that of patients without dementia (N = 168) was 49%. More than 20% of patients with dementia lived more than 3 yr after PEG. The predictors of poor survival after PEG were previous subtotal gastrectomy (odds ratio OR 2.619, 95% confidence interval CI 1.367-5.019), serum albumin <2.8 g/dL (OR 2.081, 95% CI 1.490-2.905), age >80 yr (OR 1.721, 95% CI 1.234-2.399), chronic heart failure (OR 1.541, 95% CI 1.096-2.168), and male gender (OR 1.407, 95% CI 1.037-1.909).
In our series, there was no evidence to support a poorer prognosis after PEG in elderly people with dementia compared with the cognitively preserved elderly. However, if patients are male or of advanced age, have a low serum albumin, chronic heart failure, or subtotal gastrectomy, physicians should inform families that a poor prognosis is expected before performing PEG.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the primary causes of death in young calves. Vaccination against infection by the common bacteria causing BRD is possible; however, the physical condition ...of the young calves that enables antibody production when stimulated by early immunisation remains to be elucidated.
Healthy young female Holstein calves on a commercial dairy farm were fed a colostrum replacer and administered primary and booster immunisations with an inactivated vaccine against the bacterial pneumonia agents
,
and
. At each immunisation, the body weight and height at the withers were measured and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Blood was sampled immediately before immunisation and 3 weeks following the booster. The calves were divided into positive and negative groups based on the antibody titre at the final blood sampling. Maternal antibody titres at the primary immunisation and BMI, nutritional status and oxidative stress at both immunisations were compared between the two groups.
Antibody titre at the primary and BMI at both immunisations were significantly higher in the positive than in the negative group (P < 0.05). Additionally, serum gamma globulin was significantly higher in the positive group (P < 0.05), indicating a strong correlation between maternal antibody and serum gamma globulin levels.
Elevated maternal antibody titre and higher BMI are positive factors for successful early immunisation, for which suitable colostrum may also be fundamental in young calves administered inactivated vaccines.
Background
Numerous studies focusing on the burden of caregivers of dementia patients have been published. However, there have been few studies focusing on positive affect as an important factor ...affecting the caregiver burden, and only a few studies comparing the caregiver burden between different dementia diseases have been reported.
Methods
Three hundred and thirty‐seven consecutive caregivers of people with dementia participated in this study. The caregiver burden was evaluated by the short version of the Japanese version of the Zarit Burden Interview.
Results
Positive affect scores had a significant relationship with the scores of the short version of the Zarit Burden Interview. Caregivers for patients with dementia with Lewy bodies or frontotemporal dementia suffered from a greater burden than those for patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia.
Conclusions
The caregiver burden differed between people caring for patients with different dementia diseases. Positive affect of dementia patients has a significant relationship with caregiver burden, independently from neuropsychiatric symptoms of patients.
Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration are four‐repeat (4R) tauopathies that develop in the presenium or later. Whether these diseases ...are associated with the occurrence of late‐onset psychiatric disorders remains unclear. To facilitate the accumulation of clinicopathological findings regarding this issue, we here present a selected series of 11 cases that clinically developed psychotic disorder (n = 7; age at onset: 41–75 years), depressive disorder (n = 1; 49 years), bipolar disorder (n = 2; 32 and 37 years) and somatoform disorder (n = 1; 88 years), and had at least one pathological hallmark of these tauopathies. The mean age at death was 74.3 years. No case showed dementia, at least in the early stage of the course. Nine cases had AGD. Granular fuzzy astrocytes in the amygdala were noted in all AGD cases and one non‐AGD case. Two AGD cases had tufted astrocytes (TAs) in the amygdala but not in the frontal cortex and striatum. Three AGD and two non‐AGD cases had TAs in the frontal cortex and/or striatum but not in the amygdala. One AGD case had a small number of astrocytic plaques in the frontal cortex, striatum and globus pallidus. Only one case was diagnosed as atypical PSP according to the NINDS‐PSP neuropathological criteria. No case had high‐level Alzheimer's disease pathology, Lewy body disease or limbic‐predominant age‐related TDP‐43 encephalopathy. Two cases had mild neuronal loss in the hippocampus and substantia nigra, respectively. Clinicopathological studies focusing especially on early changes of 4R tauopathies, as well as the development of surrogate markers of these diseases, may be necessary for better understanding of the pathogenic backgrounds of late‐onset psychiatric disorders.
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) cases frequently have argyrophilic grain disease (AGD). However, the PSP‐like tau pathology in AGD cases has not been fully clarified. To address this, we ...examined tau pathologies in the subcortical nuclei and frontal cortex in 19 AGD cases that did not meet the pathological criteria of PSP or corticobasal degeneration, nine PSP cases and 20 Braak NFT stage‐matched controls. Of the 19 AGD cases, five (26.3%) had a few Gallyas‐positive tau‐positive tufted astrocytes (TAs) and Gallyas‐negative tau‐positive TA‐like astrocytic inclusions (TAIs), and six (31.6%) had only TAIs in the striatum and/or frontal cortex. Subcortical tau pathology was sequentially and significantly greater in AGD cases lacking these tau‐positive astrocytic lesions, AGD cases having them, and PSP cases than in controls. There was a significant correlation between three histologic factors, including the AGD stage and the quantities of subcortical neuronal and astrocytic tau pathologies. Tau immunoblotting demonstrated 68‐ and 64‐kDa bands and 33‐kDa low‐molecular mass tau fragments in PSP cases, and although with lesser intensity, in AGD cases with and without TAs and TAIs also. Given these findings, the progression of AGD may be associated with development of the neuronal and astrocytic tau pathologies characteristic of PSP.
Agyrophilic grains (AGs) are age-related limbic-predominant lesions in which four-repeat tau is selectively accumulated. Because previous methodologically heterogeneous studies have demonstrated ...inconsistent findings on the relationship between AGs and dementia, whether AGs affect cognitive function remains unclear. To address this question, we first comprehensively evaluated the distribution and quantity of Gallyas-positive AGs and the severity of neuronal loss in the limbic, neocortical, and subcortical regions in 30 cases of pure argyrophilic grain disease (pAGD) in Braak stages I-IV and without other degenerative diseases, and 34 control cases that had only neurofibrillary tangles with Braak stages I-IV and no or minimal Abeta deposits. Then, we examined whether AGs have independent effects on neuronal loss and dementia by employing multivariate ordered logistic regression and binomial logistic regression. Of 30 pAGD cases, three were classified in diffuse form pAGD, which had evident neuronal loss not only in the limbic region but also in the neocortex and subcortical nuclei. In all 30 pAGD cases, neuronal loss developed first in the amygdala, followed by temporo-frontal cortex, hippocampal CA1, substantia nigra, and finally, the striatum and globus pallidus with the progression of Saito AG stage. In multivariate analyses of 30 pAGD and 34 control cases, the Saito AG stage affected neuronal loss in the amygdala, hippocampal CA1, temporo-frontal cortex, striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra independent of the age, Braak stage, and limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE-NC) stage. In multivariate analyses of 23 pAGD and 28 control cases that lacked two or more lacunae and/or one or more large infarctions, 100 or more AGs per x 400 visual field in the amygdala (OR 10.02, 95% CI 1.12-89.43) and hippocampal CA1 (OR 12.22, 95% CI 1.70-87.81), and the presence of AGs in the inferior temporal cortex (OR 8.18, 95% CI 1.03-65.13) affected dementia independent of age, moderate Braak stages (III-IV), and LATE-NC. Given these findings, the high density of limbic AGs and the increase of AGs in the inferior temporal gyrus may contribute to the occurrence of dementia through neuronal loss, at least in cases in a low to moderate Braak stage. Keywords: Argyrophilic grain, Globus pallidus, Hippocampal sclerosis, Striatum, Substantia nigra, Subthalamic nucleus
PDF
