The effects of oral microbiota on health Tuganbaev, Timur; Yoshida, Koji; Honda, Kenya
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
2022-May-27, 2022-05-27, 20220527, Letnik:
376, Številka:
6596
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Oral microbiota form complex biofilms that can affect local and systemic health.
In situ observation of the decomposition process of woodchips (cedar and
Quercus acutissima
) in subcritical- and supercritical water was performed by neutron imaging experiment. The woodchips and D
...2
O were sealed into a stainless tube, and the tube was heated up to 500 °C by a block heater designed for neutron imaging. The neutron imaging experiment was performed in energy-resolved neutron imaging system (RADEN) of Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex Material and Life Science Experimental Facility (J-PARC MLF). The decomposition processes of the woodchips in D
2
O solvent were visualized clearly in time-lapse images. The outside of the woodchips was partially broken at 300 °C. The woodchips have a porous structure at 450 °C, and D
2
O penetrates the pores. The skeleton of the woodchips remains even at 500 °C. The present study clarified the optimal temperature in the decomposition process to observe the status of the woodchips during the decomposition process. It has an advantage compared with a time-consuming of the batch process. It will be useful for the development of biomass processing technology using high-temperature and high-pressure water.
Graphical Abstract
The structure of a 3
(= mol/kg) NaCl aqueous solution at 1.3 and 1.7 GPa and 300 K, as well as at an ambient condition, is determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements combined with an ...empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) modeling. When the solution is pressurized to the gigapascal pressure range, the ice-like hydrogen-bonded water network at 300 K/0.1 MPa is drastically perturbed to give rise to a simple, liquid-like water molecules arrangement retaining the hydrogen bonds. The coordination number of the chloride ion increases from around 6 at 0.1 MPa to about 16 at 1.7 GPa, accompanied by the extended solvation shells' evolution. On the other hand, the sodium ion's solvation structure does not change significantly with pressure and consists of 6-fold water molecules' coordination. We discuss a structure makers/breakers' concept for the ion solvation concerning the water structure in the gigapascal pressure range.
Inherited heart disease causing electric instability in the heart has been suggested to be a risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The purpose of this study was to reveal the ...correlation between epilepsy‐related sudden unexpected death (SUD) and inherited heart disease. Twelve epilepsy‐related SUD cases (seven males and five females, aged 11–78 years) were examined. Nine cases fulfilled the criteria of SUDEP, and three cases died by drowning. In addition to examining three major epilepsy‐related genes, we used next‐generation sequencing (NGS) to examine 73 inherited heart disease‐related genes. We detected both known pathogenic variants and rare variants with minor allele frequencies of <0.5%. The pathogenicity of these variants was evaluated and graded by eight in silico predictive algorithms. Six known and six potential rare variants were detected. Among these, three known variants of LDB3, DSC2 and KCNE1 and three potential rare variants of MYH6, DSP and DSG2 were predicted by in silico analysis as possibly highly pathogenic in three of the nine SUDEP cases. Two of three cases with desmosome‐related variants showed mild but possible significant right ventricular dysplasia‐like pathology. A case with LDB3 and MYH6 variants showed hypertrabeculation of the left ventricle and severe fibrosis of the cardiac conduction system. In the three drowning death cases, one case with mild prolonged QT interval had two variants in ANK2. This study shows that inherited heart disease may be a significant risk factor for SUD in some epilepsy cases, even if pathological findings of the heart had not progressed to an advanced stage of the disease. A combination of detailed pathological examination of the heart and gene analysis using NGS may be useful for evaluating arrhythmogenic potential of epilepsy‐related SUD.
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•In-situ observation of QPAF-4 was performed under various humidity conditions by synchrotron X-ray scattering measurements.•Hysteresis of the adsorption and desorption processes of ...water vapor to the membrane is observed.•The information of hydrogen bonding interaction in the membrane at various humidity conditions is obtained.•In-situ observation in the present study clarified the humidity dependence of the bonding state of water in the membrane.
In-situ observation of an anion exchange membrane (AEM), QPAF-4, synthesized by the group of University of Yamanashi, was performed under various humidity conditions by synchrotron X-ray scattering measurements. The absorption process of water vapor into the AEM was slow, taking even a few hours. When the environmental humidity decreased, the amount of water contained in the membrane decreased also very slowly. Hysteresis was clearly observed during the absorption and desorption processes. Although the amount of absorbed water was very small, a meaningful difference in the X-ray scattering intensity was found between water-absorbed and dry membrane. The radial distribution functions (RDFs) of the membrane under various humidity conditions were obtained by subtracting the scattering of the chamber, where the humidity and the temperature were contorted from the scattering intensity from the membrane in the chamber. The peak at 2.8 Å was assigned to the hydrogen bonding interaction of O(water)-O(water) and non-hydrogen bonded interaction of water molecules. These peaks increased under a high humidity condition. In-situ observation in the present study clarified the humidity dependence of the bonding state of water in the AEM.
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•Gigapascal pressure generates the second or further extended solvation of Cl–•Gigapascal compression transforms water’s tetrahedral network to a dense random packing.•Gigapascal ...pressure does not change the Na+ solvation structure.•Gigapascal pressure does not alter linear Cl…Dw–Ow and Ow…Dw–Ow bonds but broadened.•Gigapascal pressure does not alter the tilt angle about 31 °of solvated water dipole from the Na-Ow direction but broadened.
An aqueous 3 m (=mol kg−1) NaCl solution in D2O is investigated at 0.1 MPa (hereafter denoted as 0 GPa)/298 K, 1 GPa/298 K, 1 GPa/523 K, and 4 GPa/523 K by neutron scattering combined with an empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) method. The pressure and temperature dependence of the ion solvation and association and solvent water structure is discussed in pair correlation functions, coordination number distributions, angular distributions (orientational correlation), and spatial density functions (3D structure). The Na+ solvation is characterized as nearly octahedral coordination with about five water molecules and one Cl− over a pressure range measured. The Na–Ow (water oxygen) and Na–Dw (water hydrogen) distances are 2.34–2.37 Å and 2.82–3.00 Å, respectively. The water dipole is tilted by about 31° from the Na–O bond direction and the angle distribution becomes broader with an increase in pressure and temperature. The Cl− solvation shows a change in the coordination number of a water oxygen atom from 11 at 0 GPa to 15 at 4 GPa. An increase in the coordination number of a water hydrogen atom with pressure is observed; the values fall within five to six. The first neighbor Cl–Dw and Cl–Ow distances are 2.19–2.28 Å and 3.10–3.21 Å, respectively. The hydrogen-bonded angle Cl−···Dw–Ow is almost linear over a whole pressure range, but the angle distribution becomes broader upon compression. Another interesting finding of the Cl− solvation is the formation of extended solvation shells of Cl− in the gigapascal pressure range as if they behave as a structure making ion as Na+. The extended solvation shell of Cl– is caused by the breakdown or distortion of the hydrogen-bonded network of solvent water under compression. The coordination number of water oxygen increases from 4.7 at 0 GPa to 12–13, close to a value seen in simple liquids like Ar at 1–4 GPa. Despite such a drastic increase in water oxygen coordination number, the coordination number of the water hydrogen decreases from 2.2 at 0 GPa to 1.8 at 4 GPa, with the Ow–Dw distance lengthening from 1.77 Å to 1.95 Å, i.e., the hydrogen bonds between water molecules are retained in the gigapascal pressure range. The hydrogen bond angle Ow···Dw–Ow is almost linear, but the angle distribution is broadened upon compression, suggesting the distortion of the hydrogen bonds. Thus, it is concluded that compression of an aqueous NaCl solution to the gigapascal pressure causes the distortion of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules, resulting in the formation of the second and extended shells of a structure breaking Cl−.
Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) investigates an excitation in the terahertz region and reveals the viscoelastic properties of water and other liquids at the molecular level. From the proportional ...relationship between the wave number and the excitation energy, the high-frequency sound velocity which reflects intermolecular interactions can be obtained. The high-frequency sound velocity of water at room temperature is twice the adiabatic sound velocity, reflecting the characteristic water structure. In supercritical water, the density dependence of the ratio of the high-frequency sound velocity to the adiabatic sound velocity varies with the observed scale, suggesting the presence of clusters composed of several molecules. Nanoparticle-dispersed systems focused on industrial applications exhibit peculiar heat conduction. The dynamics of the liquid surrounding the nanoparticles are different from that of the bulk. It may affect the thermal conduction of the nanoparticle-dispersed system. The IXS measurements for carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and acetone clarified the relationship between the intermolecular interactions and the dynamics.
Neuropeptide W (NPW) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and NPBW1 and/or NPBW2 mRNA are expressed in the descending pain inhibitory system. In the present study, we examined whether NPW microinjected ...into the descending pain inhibitory system, such as the periaqueductal gray (PAG), locus coeruleus (LC), and rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), produces an analgesic effect using a rat formalin test. Microinjections of NPW into the PAG ipsilateral and contralateral to the formalin-injected side, LC ipsilateral and contralateral to the formalin-injected side, and RVM produced an analgesic effect. In the RVM study, the analgesic effect was antagonized by WAY100135, a 5-HT1A antagonist, and enhanced by prazosin, an α1 antagonist, and SB269970, a 5-HT7 antagonist. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, also antagonized the effect of NPW in the RVM study. In the ipsilateral LC study, the analgesic effect was antagonized by WAY100135, idazoxan, an α2 antagonist, and naloxone and was enhanced by prazosin and SB269970. In the contralateral LC study, the analgesic effect was antagonized by prazosin, idazoxan, SB269970, and naloxone. The analgesic effect was antagonized by WAY100135, SB269970, idazoxan, and naloxone in the ipsilateral and contralateral PAG studies. These findings strongly suggest that NPBW1/W2 activation by NPW microinjection into the RVM, LC, and PAG affect the descending pain modulatory system and produce anti-nociceptive and pro-nociceptive effects in the rat formalin test.
The peptides derived from ideal cancer-testis antigens, including LY6K, CDCA1, and IMP3 (identified using genome-wide cDNA microarray analyses), were used in immunotherapy for head and neck squamous ...cell cancer (HNSCC). In this trial, we analyzed the immune response to and safety and efficacy of vaccine therapy.
A total of 37 patients with advanced HNSCC were enrolled in this trial of peptide vaccine therapy, and the OS, PFS, and immunologic response were evaluated using enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot (ELISPOT) and pentamer assays. The peptides were subcutaneously administered weekly with IFA. The primary endpoints were evaluated on the basis of differences between HLA-A*2402-positive A24(+) patients treated with peptide vaccine therapy and -negative A24(-) patients treated without peptide vaccine therapy among those with advanced HNSCC.
Our cancer vaccine therapy was well tolerated. The OS of the A24(+) vaccinated group (n = 37) was statistically significantly longer than that of the A24(-) group (n = 18) and median survival time (MST) was 4.9 versus 3.5 months, respectively; P < 0.05. One of the patients exhibited a complete response. In the A24(+) vaccinated group, the ELISPOT assay identified LY6K-, CDCA1-, and IMP3-specific CTL responses in 85.7%, 64.3%, and 42.9% of the patients, respectively. The patients showing LY6K- and CDCA1-specific CTL responses demonstrated a longer OS than those without CTL induction. Moreover, the patients exhibiting CTL induction for multiple peptides demonstrated better clinical responses.
The immune response induced by this vaccine may improve the prognosis of patients with advanced HNSCC.
The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 is implicated in corneal ulceration and promotes collagen degradation by corneal fibroblasts cultured in a three-dimensional (3D) collagen gel. ...Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the principal polyphenol in extracts of green tea, has various beneficial health effects, some of which appear to be mediated through direct or indirect inhibition of protease activity. We therefore examined the effect of EGCG on IL-1β-induced collagen degradation by corneal fibroblasts embedded in a collagen gel.
Human corneal fibroblasts were cultured in a type I collagen gel. Collagen degradation was assessed by measurement of hydroxyproline in acid hydrolysates of culture supernatants. The expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was examined by real-time and RT-PCR analysis and by fibrin zymography, and that of the collagenase matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) was detected by immunoblot analysis.
EGCG inhibited IL-1β-induced, plasminogen-dependent collagen degradation by corneal fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner. It also attenuated the IL-1β-induced expression of uPA at both mRNA and protein levels. EGCG inhibited the IL-1β-induced conversion of exogenous plasminogen to plasmin as well as the plasminogen-dependent activation of pro-MMP1 in the 3D cultures without a substantial effect on pro-MMP1 abundance.
EGCG inhibits IL-1β-induced collagen degradation by corneal fibroblasts, with this effect likely being mediated by suppression of the upregulation of uPA, the uPA-mediated conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, and the plasmin-mediated activation of pro-MMP1. EGCG thus warrants further investigation as a potential treatment for corneal ulcer.
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