Plasmonic antennas can enhance the intensity of a nanojoule laser pulse by localizing the electric field in their proximity. It has been proposed that the field can become strong enough to convert ...the fundamental laser frequency into high-order harmonics through an extremely nonlinear interaction with gas atoms that occupy the nanoscopic volume surrounding the antennas. However, the small number of gas atoms that can occupy this volume limits the generation of high harmonics. Here we use an array of monopole nano-antennas to demonstrate plasmon-assisted high-harmonic generation directly from the supporting crystalline silicon substrate. The high density of the substrate compared with a gas allows macroscopic buildup of harmonic emission. Despite the sparse coverage of antennas on the surface, harmonic emission is ten times brighter than without antennas. Imaging the high-harmonic radiation will allow nanometre and attosecond measurement of the plasmonic field thereby enabling more sensitive plasmon sensors while opening a new path to extreme-ultraviolet-frequency combs.
Since Darwin’s seminal works, the universality of facial expressions of emotion has remained one of the longest standing debates in the biological and social sciences. Briefly stated, the ...universality hypothesis claims that all humans communicate six basic internal emotional states (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) using the same facial movements by virtue of their biological and evolutionary origins Susskind JM, et al. (2008) Nat Neurosci 11:843–850. Here, we refute this assumed universality. Using a unique computer graphics platform that combines generative grammars Chomsky N (1965) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA with visual perception, we accessed the mind’s eye of 30 Western and Eastern culture individuals and reconstructed their mental representations of the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Cross-cultural comparisons of the mental representations challenge universality on two separate counts. First, whereas Westerners represent each of the six basic emotions with a distinct set of facial movements common to the group, Easterners do not. Second, Easterners represent emotional intensity with distinctive dynamic eye activity. By refuting the long-standing universality hypothesis, our data highlight the powerful influence of culture on shaping basic behaviors once considered biologically hardwired. Consequently, our data open a unique nature–nurture debate across broad fields from evolutionary psychology and social neuroscience to social networking via digital avatars.
Backward angle (
u
-channel) scattering provides complementary information for studies of hadron spectroscopy and structure, but has been less comprehensively studied than the corresponding forward ...angle case. As a result, the physics of
u
-channel scattering poses a range of new experimental and theoretical opportunities and questions. We summarize recent progress in measuring and understanding high energy reactions with baryon charge exchange in the
u
-channel, as discussed in the first
Backward angle (u-channel) Physics Workshop
. In particular, we discuss backward angle measurements and their theoretical description via both hadronic models and the collinear factorization approach, and discuss planned future measurements of
u
-channel physics. Finally, we propose outstanding questions and challenges for
u
-channel physics.
Spectroscopic + photometric redshifts, stellar mass estimates, and rest-frame colors from the 3D-HST survey are combined with structural parameter measurements from CANDELS imaging to determine the ...galaxy size-mass distribution over the redshift range 0 < z < 3. Separating early- and late-type galaxies on the basis of star-formation activity, we confirm that early-type galaxies are on average smaller than late-type galaxies at all redshifts, and we find a significantly different rate of average size evolution at fixed galaxy mass, with fast evolution for the early-type population, R sub(eff) is proportional to (1 + z) super(-1.48), and moderate evolution for the late-type population, R sub(eff) is proportional to (1 + z) super(-0.75). The intrinsic scatter is lap0.2 dex for all galaxy types and redshifts. For late-type galaxies, the logarithmic size distribution is not symmetric but is skewed toward small sizes: at all redshifts and masses, a tail of small late-type galaxies exists that overlaps in size with the early-type galaxy population.
► Heavy metal risk in urban sediments was inconsistent by three assessment approaches. ► The consistency derived from approach assumption and metal and sediment properties. ► Urbanization effect was ...not obvious on heavy metal contamination risks in sediments.
Numerous indices have been developed to assess environmental risk of heavy metals in surface sediments, including the total content based geoaccumulation index (
I
geo
), exchangeable fraction based risk assessment code (RAC), and biological toxicity test based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). In this study, the three indices were applied to freshwater surface sediments from 10 sections along an urbanization gradient of the Grand Canal, China to assess the environmental risks of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr) and to understand discrepancies of risk assessment indices and urbanization effects regarding heavy metal contamination. Results showed that Cd, Zn, and Pb were the most enriched metals in urban sections assessed by
I
geo
and over 95% of the samples exceeded the Zn and Pb thresholds of the effect range low (ERL) of SQGs. According to RAC, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Cr had high risks of adversely affecting the water quality of the Grand Canal due to their remarkable portions of exchangeable fraction in surface sediment. However, Pb showed a relative low risk, and was largely bounded to Fe/Mn oxides in the urban surface sediments. Obviously, the three assessment indices were not consistent with each other in terms of predicting environmental risks attributed to heavy metals in the freshwater surface sediments of this study. It is recommended that risk assessment by SQGs should be revised according to availability and site specificity. However, the combination of the three indices gave us a comprehensive understanding of heavy metal risks in the urban surface sediments of the Grand Canal.
(
) promoter methylation confers an improved prognosis and treatment response in gliomas. We developed a deep learning network for determining
promoter methylation status using T2 weighted Images ...(T2WI) only.
Brain MR imaging and corresponding genomic information were obtained for 247 subjects from The Cancer Imaging Archive and The Cancer Genome Atlas. One hundred sixty-three subjects had a methylated
promoter. A T2WI-only network (
-net) was developed to determine
promoter methylation status and simultaneous single-label tumor segmentation. The network was trained using 3D-dense-UNets. Three-fold cross-validation was performed to generalize the performance of the networks. Dice scores were computed to determine tumor-segmentation accuracy.
The
-net demonstrated a mean cross-validation accuracy of 94.73% across the 3 folds (95.12%, 93.98%, and 95.12%, SD, 0.66%) in predicting
methylation status with a sensitivity and specificity of 96.31% SD, 0.04% and 91.66% SD, 2.06%, respectively, and a mean area under the curve of 0.93 SD, 0.01. The whole tumor-segmentation mean Dice score was 0.82 SD, 0.008.
We demonstrate high classification accuracy in predicting
promoter methylation status using only T2WI. Our network surpasses the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of histologic and molecular methods. This result represents an important milestone toward using MR imaging to predict prognosis and treatment response.
The review presents an analysis of the current state of research related to the design, development, and practical application of methods for biomedical radioelectronics and nanomedicine, including ...the use of magnetic nanoparticles. The important role of rational scientific physical approaches and experimental methods in the design of efficient and safe magnetic nanoparticle-based agents for therapy, controlled targeted drug delivery, and diagnostics, including spatial imaging, is emphasized. Examples of successful practical application of magnetic nanoparticles in medicine based on these methods are given, and an analysis of the main problems and prospects of this area of science is conducted.
To identify regulators of intracellular signaling, we targeted 541 kinases and kinase-related molecules with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and determined their effects on signaling with a ...functional proteomics reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) platform assessing 42 phospho and total proteins. The kinome-wide screen demonstrated a strong inverse correlation between phosphorylation of AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with 115 genes that, when targeted by siRNAs, demonstrated opposite effects on MAPK and AKT phosphorylation. Network-based analysis identified the MAPK subnetwork of genes along with p70S6K and FRAP1 as the most prominent targets that increased phosphorylation of AKT, a key regulator of cell survival. The regulatory loops induced by the MAPK pathway are dependent on tuberous sclerosis complex 2 but demonstrate a lesser dependence on p70S6K than the previously identified FRAP1 feedback loop. The siRNA screen also revealed novel bi-directionality in the AKT and GSK3 (Glycogen synthase kinase 3) interaction, whereby genetic ablation of GSK3 significantly blocks AKT phosphorylation, an unexpected observation as GSK3 has only been predicted to be downstream of AKT. This method uncovered novel modulators of AKT phosphorylation and facilitated the mapping of regulatory loops.
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