Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most lethal and prevalent malignancies in the world and was responsible for nearly 881,000 cancer-related deaths in 2018. Surgery and chemotherapy have long been ...the first choices for cancer patients. However, the prognosis of CRC has never been satisfying, especially for patients with metastatic lesions. Targeted therapy is a new optional approach that has successfully prolonged overall survival for CRC patients. Following successes with the anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) agent cetuximab and the anti-angiogenesis agent bevacizumab, new agents blocking different critical pathways as well as immune checkpoints are emerging at an unprecedented rate. Guidelines worldwide are currently updating the recommended targeted drugs on the basis of the increasing number of high-quality clinical trials. This review provides an overview of existing CRC-targeted agents and their underlying mechanisms, as well as a discussion of their limitations and future trends.
A composite material, {Fe(L)(TPPE)0.5⋅3 CH3OH}n, has been constructed by integrating the spin‐crossover (SCO) subunit ...FeII{diethyl(E,E)‐2,2′‐1,2‐phenyl‐bis(iminomethylidyne)bis(3‐oxobutanoate)‐(2‐)‐N,N′,O3,O3′} and the highly luminescent connector 1,1,2,2‐tetrakis(4‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)phenyl)‐ethene. Its structure contains four staggered 4×4 layers and intercalated methanol. The packing is dominated by considerable H‐bonds either between adjacent layers and between layers and guests. A crystal‐structure transformation was detected upon removal of the guest molecules. The SCO transition of the solvated crystals is centered at ca. 215 K with a non‐symmetrical hysteresis of 25 K wide, and the desolvated Fe(L)(TPPE)0.5n exhibits gradual SCO without hysteresis. Intriguingly, the intensity of the fluorescence at 460 nm for the latter is maximized at the SCO transition. The energy transfer between luminescent and SCO entities is achievable as confirmed by theoretical calculations.
A square‐grid layered FeII coordination polymer based on a luminophore connector TPPE was studied. This framework not only features a solvent‐dependent structure and spin crossover (SCO) behavior, but also exhibits a switch between spin transition and fluorescence for the guest‐free species. Theoretical calculation reveals an energy‐transfer mechanism.
Compressive surface strains have been necessary to boost oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity in core/shell M/platinum (Pt) catalysts (where M can be nickel, cobalt, or iron). We report on a ...class of platinum-lead/platinum (PtPb/Pt) core/shell nanoplate catalysts that exhibit large biaxial strains. The stable Pt (110) facets of the nanoplates have high ORR specific and mass activities that reach 7.8 milliampere (mA) per centimeter squared and 4.3 ampere per milligram of platinum at 0.9 volts versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), respectively. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the edge-Pt and top (bottom)-Pt (110) facets undergo large tensile strains that help optimize the Pt-O bond strength. The intermetallic core and uniform four layers of Pt shell of the PtPb/Pt nanoplates appear to underlie the high endurance of these catalysts, which can undergo 50,000 voltage cycles with negligible activity decay and no apparent structure and composition changes.
Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most prevalent cancers, has complex etiology. The dysbiosis of intestinal bacteria has been highlighted as an important contributor to CRC. Fusobacterium ...nucleatum, an oral anaerobic opportunistic pathogen, is enriched in both stools and tumor tissues of patients with CRC. Therefore, F. nucleatum is considered to be a risk factor for CRC. This review summarizes the biological characteristics and the mechanisms underlying the regulatory behavior of F. nucleatum in the tumorigenesis and progression of CRC. F. nucleatum as a marker for the early warning and prognostic prediction of CRC, and as a target for prevention and treatment, is also described.
Fusobacterium nucleatum has been related to genetic and epigenetic lesions, such as microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), and genome mutation in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues.F. nucleatum could promote the proliferation and metabolism, remodel the immune microenvironment, and facilitate metastasis and chemoresistance in the tumorigenesis and development of CRC.F. nucleatum could function as a biomarker for screening the high-risk population for CRC.Although further in-depth studies are warranted, several virulence- or phage-based therapeutics specific to F. nucleatum may be novel promising methods in CRC treatment.
Normally, due to the strongly coupled kinematics and under-actuated property, motion planning for a multisteering tractor-trailer mobile robot (MSTTMR) is a complex problem. In this paper, an MSTTMR ...system with on-axle hitching is considered. Motion planning for it is divided into three independent subproblems: planning a collision-free geometric path for the tractor, transforming the geometric path into a motion trajectory of the tractor, as well as generating motion trajectories for the trailers, and then they are solved by means of a three-level hierarchical method. At the highest level, a geometric path in the form of a cubic spline curve is planned for the tractor. To consider obstacle avoidance and satisfy constraints on the control inputs of the tractor, the path parameters are optimized by an improved quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization algorithm. At the middle level, the planned path is transformed into a feasible motion trajectory of the tractor. At the lowest level, to guide all the trailers to track the planned path, motion planning for the trailers is achieved by the Gauss pseudospectral method (GPM). As a result, both the tractor and trailers can simultaneously move along the same path, and turning maneuvers in narrow and cluttered spaces can successfully be achieved. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that respond to external stimuli such as guest molecules, temperature, or redox conditions are highly desirable. Herein, we coupled redox-switchable properties with ...breathing behavior induced by guest molecules in a single framework. Guided by topology, two flexible isomeric MOFs, compounds 1 and 2, with a formula of In(Me
NH
)(TTFTB), were constructed via a combination of In(COO)
metal nodes and tetratopic tetrathiafulvalene-based linkers (TTFTB). The two compounds show different breathing behaviors upon the introduction of N
. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, accompanied by molecular simulations, reveals that the breathing mechanism of 1 involves the bending of metal-ligand bonds and the sliding of interpenetrated frameworks, while 2 undergoes simple distortion of linkers. Reversible oxidation and reduction of TTF moieties changes the linker flexibility, which in turn switches the breathing behavior of 2. The redox-switchable breathing behavior can potentially be applied to the design of stimuli-responsive MOFs.
Developing highly effective and stable counter electrode (CE) materials to replace rare and expensive noble metals for dye‐sensitized and perovskite solar cells (DSC and PSC) is a research hotspot. ...Carbon materials are identified as the most qualified noble metal‐free CEs for the commercialization of the two photovoltaic devices due to their merits of low cost, excellent activity, and superior stability. Herein, carbonaceous CE materials are reviewed extensively with respect to the two devices. For DSC, a classified discussion according to the morphology is presented because electrode properties are closely related to the specific porosity or nanostructure of carbon materials. The pivotal factors influencing the catalytic behavior of carbon CEs are also discussed. For PSC, an overview of the new carbon CE materials is addressed comprehensively. Moreover, the modification techniques to improve the interfacial contact between the perovskite and carbon layers, aiming to enhance the photovoltaic performance, are also demonstrated. Finally, the development directions, main challenges, and coping approaches with respect to the carbon CE in DSC and PSC are stated.
Carbon counter electrode materials for dye‐sensitized and perovskite solar cells are summarized extensively. The specific morphology and structure design of the carbon counter electrode in dye‐sensitized solar cells and the intrinsic features, energy level alignment, and interface engineering of the perovskite/carbon interface in perovskite solar cells are emphasized.
•The hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge process is developed.•Hydrochars are solid fuels with less nitrogen and sulfur contents.•The first order combustion reaction of hydrochars is ...derived.•Main combustion decomposition of hydrochars is easier and more stable.•Formation pathways of hydrochars during hydrothermal carbonization are proposed.
Conventional thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge (SS) is energy-intensive due to its high moisture content. To overcome this drawback, the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process was used to convert SS into clean solid fuel without prior drying. Different carbonization times were applied in order to produce hydrochars possessing better fuel properties. After the carbonization process, fuel characteristics and combustion behaviors of hydrochars were evaluated. Elemental analysis showed that 88% of carbon was recovered while 60% of nitrogen and sulfur was removed. Due to dehydration and decarboxylation reactions, hydrogen/carbon and oxygen/carbon atomic ratios reduced to 1.53 and 0.39, respectively. It was found that the fuel ratio increased to 0.18 by prolonging the carbonization process. Besides, longer carbonization time seemed to decrease oxygen containing functional groups while carbon aromaticity structure increased, thereby rendering hydrochars highly hydrophobic. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the combustion decomposition was altered from a single stage for raw sludge to two stages for hydrochars. The combustion reaction was best fitted to the first order for both raw sludge and hydrochars. The combustion of hydrochars is expected to be easier and more stable than raw sludge because of lower activation energy and pre-exponential factor.
A major challenge is the development of multifunctional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), wherein magnetic and electronic functionality can be controlled simultaneously. Herein, we rationally ...construct two 3D MOFs by introducing the redox active ligand tetra(4‐pyridyl)tetrathiafulvalene (TTF(py)4) and spin‐crossover FeII centers. The materials exhibit redox activity, in addition to thermally and photo‐induced spin crossover (SCO). A crystal‐to‐crystal transformation induced by I2 doping has also been observed and the resulting intercalated structure determined. The conductivity could be significantly enhanced (up to 3 orders of magnitude) by modulating the electronic state of the framework via oxidative doping; SCO behavior was also modified and the photo‐magnetic behavior was switched off. This work provides a new strategy to tune the spin state and conductivity of framework materials through guest‐induced redox‐state switching.
A 3D FeII metal–organic framework (MOF) based on the tetrathiafulvalene tetrapyridyl ligand and its I2‐doped analogue were prepared. The TTF moieties provide redox activity, and I2 doping improves the conductive properties. Doping or light irradiation significantly alters the magnetic properties, indicating the material has electronically and photo‐switchable spin‐crossover properties.
Inverse photoresponse is discovered from phototransistors based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). The devices are capable of detecting photons with energy below the bandgap of MoS2. Under the ...illumination of near‐infrared (NIR) light at 980 and 1550 nm, negative photoresponses with short response time (50 ms) are observed for the first time. Upon visible‐light illumination, the phototransistors exhibit positive photoresponse with ultrahigh responsivity on the order of 104–105 A W−1 owing to the photogating effect and charge trapping mechanism. Besides, the phototransistors can detect a weak visible‐light signal with effective optical power as low as 17 picowatts (pW). A thermally induced photoresponse mechanism, the bolometric effect, is proposed as the cause of the negative photocurrent in the NIR regime. The thermal energy of the NIR radiation is transferred to the MoS2 crystal lattice, inducing lattice heating and resistance increase. This model is experimentally confirmed by low‐temperature electrical measurements. The bolometric coefficient calculated from the measured transport current change with temperature is −33 nA K−1. These findings offer a new approach to develop sub‐bandgap photodetectors and other novel optoelectronic devices based on 2D layered materials.
Broadband phototransistors based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with inverse photoresponse are reported. At 454 nm, the phototransistors exhibit ultrahigh photoresponsivity on the order of 104–105 A W−1. While upon near‐infrared light illumination, negative photoresponses with fast response time (50 ms) are observed for the first time. This work offers a new approach to developing sub‐bandgap photodetectors and other novel optoelectronic devices.
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