•Ⅰ Reveal the spatiotemporal changes in land-use carbon emissions and carbon intensities of 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta region from 1995 to 2018.•Ⅱ Construction of land-use carbon emissions ...spatial correlation network in the Yangtze River Delta region in six different periods.•III Analyze the overall characteristics of the spatial correlation network and clarify the roles of cities in the network.•Ⅳ Characterize the spatial spillover effects of land-use carbon emissions and highlight key cities.
The use and transformation of land by humans are the main cause of the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Using land-use data and socioeconomic statistics for 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018, this study examines the carbon emissions from land use and their intensity in the entire Yangtze River Delta Region. We constructed a spatial correlation network of land-use carbon emissions by using a modified gravity model to analyze the characteristics of the spatial correlations and spillover effects of land-use carbon emissions. Results reveal that: (1) the spatial differences in land-use carbon emissions gradually increased, whereas those in land-use carbon emission intensity gradually narrowed from 1995 to 2018; (2) the high-degree centrality of Shanghai, Wuxi, and Suzhou indicated that they had always played leading roles in the network from 1995 to 2018. Moreover, Shanghai and Wuxi had large land-use carbon radiation ranges and together with Suzhou, Hangzhou, Changzhou, and Nanjing, exhibited above-average betweenness centrality from 1995 to 2018 and strong bridging capabilities across the entire network; (3) the land-use carbon emissions had obvious spatial correlations and spillover effects. Our results can provide a scientific basis from an urban agglomeration perspective for the transformation of China’s current economy into a low-carbon one, as well as the realization of regionally differentiated and coordinated emission reduction.
Bis(demethoxy)curcumin (BDMC) is one of the main active components found in turmeric. Major drawbacks for its usage are its low aqueous solubility, and the challenging separation from other ...curcuminoids present in turmeric. Co-crystallization can be applied to alter the physicochemical properties of BDMC in a desired manner. A co-crystal screening of BDMC with four hydroxybenzenes was carried out using four different methods of co-crystal production: crystallization from solution by slow solvent evaporation (SSE), and rapid solvent removal (RSR), liquid-assisted grinding (LAG), and crystallization from the melt phase. Two co-crystal phases of BDMC were obtained with pyrogallol (PYR), and hydroxyquinol (HYQ). PYR-BDMC co-crystals can be obtained only from the melt, while HYQ-BDMC co-crystals could also be produced by LAG. Both co-crystals possess an equimolar composition and reveal an incongruent melting behavior. Infrared spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of BDMC in the diketo form in the PYR co-crystals, while it is in a more stable keto-enol form in the HYQ co-crystals. Solubility measurements in ethanol and an ethanol-water mixture revealed an increase of solubility in the latter, but a slightly negative effect on ethanol solubility. These results are useful for a prospective development of crystallization-based separation processes of chemical similar substances through co-crystallization.
In this article, we propose a novel wireless powered communication network, which is composed of two multiple antennas hybrid access points and a series of distributed wireless devices. The two ...hybrid access points transmit downlink wireless energy to the wireless devices and receive uplink wireless messages from the wireless devices; meanwhile, the information of wireless devices nearer to their corresponding hybrid access point should be transmitted to the faraway hybrid access point. To improve the throughput performance of some wireless devices away from their corresponding hybrid access point, we propose a clustering-collaboration interactive communication protocol with multiple antennas by Time Division Multiple Access, where two of the distributed wireless devices are selected as cluster heads to help relay information of other cluster members, which can efficiently improve some faraway wireless devices’ throughput performance. However, its performance is also constrained by cluster heads’ high-energy consumption. To solve this energy imbalance problem, multi-antenna energy beamforming technology is exploited for the hybrid access points, which distributes more transmission power to the cluster heads to balance all the wireless devices’ energy consumption. In particular, we obtain the proposed system’s throughput performance through the multi-antenna cluster-based collaboration, and verify through simulations that this scheme can effectively enhance user unfairness and improve the throughput performance.
Advanced breast cancer (ABC) has not been subjected to the same degree of molecular scrutiny as early primary cancer. Breast cancer evolves with time and under the selective pressure of treatment, ...with the potential to acquire mutations with resistance to treatment and disease progression. To identify potentially targetable mutations in advanced breast cancer, we performed prospective molecular characterization of a cohort of patients with ABC.
Biopsies from patients with advanced breast cancer were sequenced with a 41 genes targeted panel in the ABC Biopsy (ABC-Bio) study. Blood samples were collected at disease progression for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis, along with matched primary tumor to assess for acquisition in ABC in a subset of patients.
We sequenced 210 ABC samples, demonstrating enrichment compared with primary disease for potentially targetable mutations in
(in 6.19% of samples),
(7.14%), and
(8.10%). Of these enriched mutations, we show that
mutations were frequently acquired in ABC, not present in the original primary disease. In ER-positive cancer cell line models, loss of
resulted in endocrine therapy resistance, through both ER-dependent and -independent mechanisms. NF1 loss promoted ER-independent cyclin D1 expression, which could be therapeutically targeted with CDK4/6 inhibitors
. Patients with
mutations detected in baseline circulating tumor DNA had a good outcome on the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib and fulvestrant.
Our research identifies multiple therapeutic opportunities for advanced breast cancer and identifies the previously underappreciated acquisition of
mutations.
This paper proposes a novel multi-path and multi-hop wireless powered sensor network in case of hardware impairment, constituting an energy node, one source node, single sink node, and a series of ...distributed relay sensor nodes, where the energy node transmits wireless energy to all terminals in the first stage, and the relay sensor nodes relay the information of the source node to the sink node in the second stage. There exists M available paths between the source node and sink node, one of which is chosen for serving source-sink communication. To enhance the minimum achievable data rate, we propose a multi-hop communication protocol based on time-division-multiple-access and an optimal throughput path algorithm. We formulate the time allocation optimization problem about energy and information transmission of the proposed multi-hop cooperation, and confirm through abundant simulation experiments that the proposed scheme can availably improve user unfairness and spectral efficiency, and thus enhance its throughput performance.
This article considers a wireless-powered communication network (WPCN) composed of a multiantenna hybrid access point (HAP) based on nonlinear energy harvesting (EH). To improve some distant WDs’ ...throughput performance, one of them is allowed to be selected as a cluster head (CH) to help transfer information from other cluster members (CMs). Nevertheless, the proposed clustering collaboration’s performance is essentially restricted by the CH’s energy-intensive consumption (EC), which requires to transfer every WDs’ information, covering its own. In order to figure out the question, the HAP’s energy beamforming (EB) capability with multiple antennas is utilized that can concentrate greater transmission power into the CH to equilibrate its EC to assist other WDs. To be specific, each WD’s throughput performance is firstly derived under the proposed approach. A high-efficiency optimization algorithm for addressing cooperative optimization problem is put forward. In addition, the simulations are carried out in the actual network environment, and the results demonstrate that our proposed clustering collaboration with multiple antennas can validly enhance the WPCN’s throughput fairness based on nonlinear EH.
Solvate formation of bis(demethoxy)curcumin (BDMC) was screened. Six solvates were obtained out of the nineteen solvents investigated. In the present work, three solvates, i.e., BDMC-tetrahydrofuran ...(THF), BDMC-1,4-dioxane (DIO) and BDMC-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were thoroughly studied. Their desolvation processes were characterized by temperature-resolved powder X-ray diffraction (TR-PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and hot-stage microscopy (HSM). TR-PXRD shows that all the solvates desolvate as the mother BDMC form and no new polymorph could be obtained. The stoichiometric ratio of solvates was calculated via the mass loss of solvents determined by TGA. The thermal stabilities of the solvates were obtained from DSC data and followed the order: BDMC-DMSO > -THF > -DIO. Moreover, stability performances at ambient storage conditions recorded by PXRD show that BDMC-DMSO was stable over three months.
Characterizing urban expansion patterns is of great significance to planning and decision-making for urban agglomeration development. This study examined the urban expansion in the entire Yangtze ...River Delta Region (YRDR) with its land-use data of six years (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018). On the basis of traditional methods, we comprehensively considered the four aspects of urban agglomeration: expansion speed, expansion difference, expansion direction, and landscape pattern, as well as the interconnection of and difference in the expansion process between each city. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban expansion development in this region was investigated by using the speed and differentiation indices of urban expansion, gravity center migration, landscape indices, and spatial autocorrelations. The results show that: (1) over the 23 years, the expansion of built-up land in the Yangtze River Delta Region was significant, (2) the rapidly expanding cities were mainly located along the Yangtze River and coastal areas, while the slowly expanding cities were mainly located in the inland areas, (3) the expansion direction of each city varied and the gravity center of the urban agglomeration moved toward the southwest, and (4) the spatial structure of the region became more clustered, the shape of built-up land turned simpler, and fragmentation decreased. This study unravels the spatiotemporal change of urban expansion patterns in this large urban agglomeration, and more importantly, can serve as a guide for formulating urban agglomeration development plans.
Crystallization-based separation of curcumin from ternary mixtures of curcuminoids having compositions comparable to commercial extracts was studied experimentally. Based on solubility and ...supersolubility data of both, pure curcumin and curcumin in presence of the two major impurities demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bis(demethoxy)curcumin (BDMC), seeded cooling crystallization procedures were derived using acetone, acetonitrile and 50/50 (wt/wt) mixtures of acetone/2-propanol and acetone/acetonitrile as solvents. Starting from initial curcumin contents of 67–75% in the curcuminoid mixtures single step crystallization processes provided crystalline curcumin free of BDMC at residual DMC contents of 0.6–9.9%. Curcumin at highest purity of 99.4% was obtained from a 50/50 (wt/wt) acetone/2-propanol solution in a single crystallization step. It is demonstrated that the total product yield can be significantly enhanced via addition of water, 2-propanol and acetonitrile as anti-solvents at the end of a cooling crystallization process.
Timely and effective estimation and monitoring of soil moisture (SM) provides not only an understanding of regional SM status for agricultural management or potential drought but also a basis for ...characterizing water and energy exchange. The apparent thermal inertia (ATI) and Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) are two widely used indices to reflect SM from remote sensing data. While the ATI-based model is routinely used to estimate the SM of bare soil and sparsely vegetated areas, the TVDI-based model is more suitable for areas with dense vegetation coverage. In this study, we present an iteration procedure that allows us to identify optimal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) thresholds for subregions and estimate their relative soil moisture (RSM) using three models (the ATI-based model, the TVDI-based model, and the ATI/TVDI joint model) from 1 January to 31 December 2017, in the Chinese Loess Plateau. The initial NDVI (NDVI0) was first introduced to obtain TVDI value and two other thresholds of NDVIATI and NDVITVDI were designed for dividing the whole area into three subregions (the ATI subregion, the TVDI subregion, and the ATI/TVDI subregion). The NDVI values corresponding to maximum R-values (correlation coefficient) between estimated RSM and in situ RSM measurements were chosen as optimal NDVI thresholds after performing as high as 48,620 iterations with 10 rounds of 10-fold cross-calibration and validation for each period. An RSM map of the whole study area was produced by merging the RSM of each of the three subregions. The spatiotemporal and comparative analysis further indicated that the ATI/TVDI joint model has higher applicability (accounting for 36/38 periods) and accuracy than the ATI-based and TVDI-based models. The highest average R-value between the estimated RSM and in situ RSM measurements was 0.73 ± 0.011 (RMSE—root mean square error, 3.43 ± 0.071% and MAE—mean absolute error, 0.05 ± 0.025) on the 137th day of 2017 (DOY—day of the year, 137). Although there is potential for improved mapping of RSM for the entire Chinese Loess Plateau, the iteration procedure of identifying optimal thresholds determination offers a promising method for achieving finer-resolution and robust RSM estimation in large heterogeneous areas.
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