This study aimed to evaluate the global distribution, associated factors, and epidemiologic trends of gallbladder cancer (GBC) by country, sex, and age groups. The Global Cancer Observatory was ...interrogated for the disease burden of GBC using age-standardized rates (ASR). The prevalence of different potential risk factors for each country was extracted from Global Health Observatory and their associations with GBC incidence and mortality were examined by linear regression analysis using beta coefficients (β). The Cancer Incidence in Five Continents I-XI and the WHO Mortality database were searched and Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) was generated from joinpoint regression analysis. The incidence (ASR = 2.3) and mortality (ASR = 1.7) of GBC varied globally in 2018 and were higher in more developed countries and among females. Countries with higher incidence had higher human development index (βmale = 0.37; βfemale = 0.27), gross domestic products (βmale = 0.13) and higher prevalence of current smoking (βfemale = 0.05), overweight (βmale = 0.02), obesity (βmale = 0.03), and hypercholesterolaemia (βmale = 0.07). Similar patterns of associations were also observed for mortality with an additional association found for diabetes (βfemale = 0.07). Although there was an overall decreasing trend in mortality, an increasing trend in incidence was observed among some populations, particularly in males (AAPCs, 8.97 to 1.92) and in younger individuals aged <50 years (AAPCs, 12.02 to 5.66). The incidence of GBC varied between countries and was related to differences in the prevalence of potential risk factors. There was an increasing incidence trend among males and younger individuals. More intensive lifestyle modifications and disease surveillance are recommended for these populations.
•High variation in the distribution GBC was noted, with a higher burden found in more developed countries and females.•Countries with higher GBC burden had a higher prevalence of smoking, overweight/obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolaemia.•The GBC incidence was increasing, especially among males and younger individuals, but its mortality was decreasing.
A
bstract
We present measurements of the branching fractions for the decays
B
→
Kμ
+
μ
−
and
B
→
Ke
+
e
−
, and their ratio (
R
K
), using a data sample of 711 fb
−
1
that contains 772 × 10
6
B
B
¯
...events. The data were collected at the ϒ(4
S
) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy
e
+
e
−
collider. The ratio
R
K
is measured in five bins of dilepton invariant-mass-squared (
q
2
):
q
2
∈ (0
.
1
,
4
.
0)
,
(4
.
00
,
8
.
12)
,
(1
.
0
,
6
.
0), (10
.
2
,
12
.
8) and (
>
14
.
18) GeV
2
/c
4
, along with the whole
q
2
region. The
R
K
value for
q
2
∈ (1
.
0
,
6
.
0) GeV
2
/c
4
is
1.03
−
0.24
+
0.28
± 0
.
01. The first and second uncertainties listed are statistical and systematic, respectively. All results for
R
K
are consistent with Standard Model predictions. We also measure
CP
-averaged isospin asymmetries in the same
q
2
bins. The results are consistent with a null asymmetry, with the largest difference of 2.6 standard deviations occurring for the
q
2
∈ (1
.
0
,
6
.
0) GeV
2
/c
4
bin in the mode with muon final states. The measured differential branching fractions,
d
ℬ
/dq
2
, are consistent with theoretical predictions for charged
B
decays, while the corresponding values are below the expectations for neutral
B
decays. We have also searched for lepton-flavor-violating
B
→
Kμ
±
e
∓
decays and set 90% confidence-level upper limits on the branching fraction in the range of 10
−
8
for
B
+
→
K
+
μ
±
e
∓
, and
B
0
→
K
0
μ
±
e
∓
modes.
•A dynamic method with third-order accuracy and desirable dissipation is proposed.•A new accuracy criterion is proposed to assess the absolute error of dynamic methods.•This method can efficiently ...decouple complex dynamic systems in parallel.•A factorization of an intricate damping matrix is not required in the method.•Spurious vibrations can be strongly suppressed in high-frequency domains.
In this paper, an efficient explicit integration method with third-order accuracy and controllable dissipation properties is proposed, and a new accuracy criterion is presented to evaluate relative errors of integration methods. By using this method, a desirable accuracy for responses in the low-frequency domain can be attained, spurious vibrations in the high-frequency domain can be strongly suppressed. Moreover, for the proposed method, update values of the displacement and velocity do not depend on the new state. Hence, it is convenient for decoupling a multi-spring coupling dynamic system to achieve high computational efficiency. The standard formulations of the proposed method, including the second-order and third-order accuracy schemes, are derived by discussing the local truncation error, difference accuracy, and stability firstly. Subsequently, the accuracy properties of the proposed method, e.g., the period elongation and amplitude decay, are analyzed in comparison with other available state-of-the-art explicit integration methods. Additionally, the properties of the proposed method, including the accuracy, convergence, dissipation, efficiency, and nonlinearity, are evaluated by using three examples. More specifically, the accuracy and convergence are evaluated through an example with theoretical solutions; the dissipation and efficiency are investigated by analyzing a geodesic dome truss; and the effectiveness in terms of the nonlinearity is investigated via a typical nonlinear dynamic system.
The micro-creep behavior of the Fe66Tb5B23Nb6 metallic glass and its anelastic and viscoplastic deformation mechanism were investigated by using nanoindentation. The Maxwell-Voigt model with one or ...two Kelvin units were utilized to describe three stages of creep deformations at different loading rates and temperatures during the constant load holding process. The creep displacement of the indenter into the Fe66Tb5B23Nb6 sample at a constant load obeys the classic relaxation kinetics at loading rates ranging from 5 to 100 mN s−1. The activation energy for the relaxation process increases with increasing loading rate, which leads to the pronounced relaxation with longer characteristic times under a low-velocity impact mode observed at room temperature. On the other hand, the relaxation process with a short characteristic time plays a dominant role in determining viscoplastic flow and softening behavior at the temperature approaching the glass transition temperature. This work reveals the important role of the anelasticity on the plastic flow of metallic glasses under dynamic loading conditions.
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•The nanoindentation creep of the Fe66Tb5B23Nb6 metallic glass at different loading rates and temperatures was investigated.•The Maxwell-Voigt model with one or 2 K units was utilized to describe the anelastic and viscoplastic deformation of Fe66Tb5B23Nb6.•The activation energy of the relaxation process increases with increasing loading rates, demonstrating a classic relaxation kinetics behavior.•A softening behavior at the temperature approaching the glass transition temperature was observed, which closely relates to the relaxation process with a short characteristic time.
Procoagulant platelets exhibit hallmark features of apoptotic cells, including membrane blebbing, microvesiculation, and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure. Although platelets possess many well-known ...apoptotic regulators, their role in regulating the procoagulant function of platelets is unclear. To clarify this, we investigated the consequence of removing the essential mediators of apoptosis, Bak and Bax, or directly inducing apoptosis with the BH3 mimetic compound ABT-737. Treatment of platelets with ABT-737 triggered PS exposure and a marked increase in thrombin generation in vitro. This increase in procoagulant function was Bak/Bax- and caspase-dependent, but it was unaffected by inhibitors of platelet activation or by chelating extracellular calcium. In contrast, agonist-induced platelet procoagulant function was unchanged in Bak−/−Bax−/− or caspase inhibitor–treated platelets, but it was completely eliminated by extracellular calcium chelators or inhibitors of platelet activation. These studies show the existence of 2 distinct pathways regulating the procoagulant function of platelets.
Objective
Chronic intestinal inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and development. Diets that are rich in Western style fats have been shown to promote CRC. This study ...was conducted to investigate the role of intestinal microbiome in American ginseng-mediated CRC chemoprevention in a mouse model. The population and diversity of enteric microbiome were evaluated after the ginseng treatment.
Methods
Using an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced gut inflammation and tumorigenesis mouse model, the effects of oral American ginseng on high fat diet-associated enteric pathology were determined. After establishment of a 16S rRNA illumina library from fecal samples, MiSeq sequencing was carried out to reveal the microbial population. The alpha and beta diversities of microbiome were analyzed.
Results
American ginseng significantly attenuated AOM/DSS-induced colon inflammation and tumorigenesis by reducing the colitis score and colon tumor multiplicity. The MiSeq results showed that the majority of sequences fell into three phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. Further, two significant abundance shifts at the family level, Bacteroidaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, were identified to support ginseng’s anti-colitis and anti-tumor effects. In addition, alpha and beta diversity data demonstrated that ginseng led to a profound recovery from the AOM/DSS-induced dysbiosis in the microbial community.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that the CRC chemopreventive effects of American ginseng are mediated through enteric microbiome population-shift recovery and dysbiosis restoration. Ginseng’s regulation of the microbiome balance contributes to the maintenance of enteric homeostasis.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype 52 is commonly found in Asian cases of cervical cancer but is rare elsewhere. Analysis of 611 isolates collected worldwide revealed a remarkable geographical ...distribution, with lineage B predominating in Asia (89.0% vs 0%-5.5%; Pcorrected< .001), whereas lineage A predominated in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. We propose that the name "Asian lineage" be used to denote lineage B, to signify this feature. Preliminary analysis suggested a higher disease risk for lineage B, although ethnogeographical confounders could not be excluded. Further studies are warranted to verify whether the reported high attribution of disease to HPV52 in Asia is due to the high prevalence of lineage B.
Background and purpose
To clarify the causal associations of interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) and interleukin‐2 receptor alpha subunit (IL‐2rα) with the risk of amyotrophic lateral ...sclerosis (ALS).
Methods
A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study design was employed. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms associated with IL‐1ra (n = 2) and IL‐2rα (n = 1) at the genome‐wide significance level were used as unbiased instrumental variables. Summary‐level data for ALS were obtained from Project MinE, an international collaboration consortium with 12 577 ALS cases and 23 475 controls of European descent.
Results
Genetic predisposition to higher levels of IL‐1ra was significantly associated with lower odds of ALS. For a 1‐SD increase of circulating IL‐1ra levels, the odds ratio of ALS was 0.64 (95% confidence intervals, 0.46–0.88; P = 0.005). There was a borderline inverse association between IL‐2rα levels and ALS (odds ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence intervals, 0.83–1.00; P = 0.058).
Conclusions
Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist levels were inversely associated with ALS, suggesting that interleukin‐1 inhibitors may lower the risk of this always fatal disease. The role of IL‐2rα levels in ALS needs further verification in causal inference studies with larger sample sizes.
Asymmetric hydrogenation reactions of quinolines and 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines using the chiral cationic ruthenium complex Ru(TsDPEN) TsDPEN=N‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine as ...catalyst in neat imidazolium ionic liquids have been investigated. The catalytic performance was influenced by the anion of the ionic liquids for both substrate classes. A range of 2‐alkyl‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines and 1‐alkyl‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines was obtained in high yields with up to >99% ee. Interestingly, the hydrogenation of quinoline derivatives bearing a carbonyl group was selective for the CN (quinoline) over the CO (ketone) bonds, while such a unique chemoselectivity was not observed in methanol. Furthermore, the ruthenium catalysts could be easily recycled at least 5 times in the asymmetric hydrogenation of 3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline by solvent extraction. To further facilitate the recovery of catalyst and reduce the use of organic solvent, a thin film of ionic liquid containing Ru(TsDPEN) was supported on silica gels. This supported ionic liquid‐phase catalyst was effective in the asymmetric hydrogenation of quinoline, and could be recycled at least 6 times by simple filtration.
AbstractIn this study, a novel composite time integration method is proposed for more accurately and efficiently solving typical structural dynamic problems. In this method, the second-order accuracy ...is ensured for dynamic problems. First, the stability, accuracy properties, local truncation error, and global error are analyzed and compared with available state-of-the-art methods in the literature. Then, three sets of parameters are recommended and discussed, and optimization of these parameters results in a high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. Finally, three classical examples with high-frequency vibrations, where a large ratio of the time step size to the period is adopted, are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and applicability of the proposed method.
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