Motivated by the desideratum of undominated dominators (Jackson, 1992), we provide a notion of iterated elimination of boundedly dominated strategies for (in)finite strategic games and a wide variety ...of dominance relations. By introducing a condition of forgetfulness-proofness, we establish the equivalence among the usual iterated dominance, our notion of iterated bounded dominance, and Gilboa, Kalai and Zemel’s (1990) procedure. We also investigate the connection of forgetfulness-proofness with other similar conditions in the literature.
•We provide a notion of iterated elimination of boundedly dominated strategies.•This notion possesses the desideratum of undominated dominators (Jackson 1992).•We introduce a condition called forgetfulness-proofness of the underlying dominance relation.•Three definitions of iterated dominance are equivalent iff forgetfulness-proofness holds.•We investigate how forgetfulness-proofness connects with other conditions in the literature.
Highlights • The haplotypes of 27 Y-STR loci of 1007 unrelated males from a Chinese Han population were typed with Yfiler® Plus system. • 1033 father–son pairs were genotyped and the average mutation ...rate for the 27 Y-STR loci is relatively high. • Population relationships were analyzed by comparison with 19 other worldwide populations.
A catalytic strategy employing a Ru–Fe bimetallic heterogeneous catalyst is presented for α-olefination and α-alkylation of nitriles using secondary alcohols. Currently, catalysis for this reaction ...has been exclusively carried out with homogeneous catalysts, which generally achieve satisfactory yields but come with some drawbacks, including challenging recovery processes and limited characterization methods. In contrast, this heterogeneous catalyst not only simplifies recovery and can be reused for five cycles but also matches the yields of α-vinyl nitriles achieved by existing homogeneous catalysts. Additionally, this catalyst allows for some control over the production of either α-olefinated or α-alkylated nitriles under varying alkaline conditions. This work not only expands the catalytic systems for the synthesis of β-disubstituted vinyl nitriles using secondary alcohols but also demonstrates the potential of heterogeneous catalyst to broaden the scope of alcohols in acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling, showcasing the role of the bimetallic system in enhancing organic synthesis.
Venous pulsatile tinnitus (PT) arises from the motion of blood flow. However, the correlation between flow velocity and amplitude remains undiscovered. In this study, retroauricular color-coded ...Doppler (RCCD) and transcranial color-coded Doppler (TCCD) ultrasound examination techniques were deployed to assess the hemoacoustics at the ipsilateral internal jugular vein (IJV), intradiverticular, mainstream sinus, and transverse sinus regions. Auto- and cross-correlation analyses were used to analyze the correlations between flow velocity and amplitude. Furthermore, the Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients were calculated, and the Mel-spectrogram was used to exhibit the human perception of PT. The mainstream sinus flow had the highest coefficient (cross-correlation coefficient = 0.781) among the sensed locations. The cross-correlation coefficient of the IJV was the second largest and close to that of the mainstream sinus flow. The transverse sinus flow had the lowest cross-correlation coefficient. Additionally, the transverse sinus septum was visualized for the first time using the RCCD technique in this study. In conclusion, cross-correlation analysis indicates that the amplitude of vascular sound is highly correlated to the vascular flow velocity. The Mel-spectrogram demonstrates the outcome of the human perception of PT, and its use can be extended to future psychoacoustic studies.
Gastric cancer (GC) stands as a prevalent and deadly global malignancy. Despite its role as a preoperative neoadjuvant therapy, Apatinib's effectiveness is curtailed among GC patients exhibiting ...elevated YY1 expression. YY1's connection to adverse prognosis, drug resistance, and GC metastasis is established, yet the precise underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study aims to unravel potential pathogenic pathways attributed to YY1.
Utilizing bioinformatics analysis, we conducted differentially expressed genes, functional annotation, and pathway enrichment analyses, and further validation through cellular and animal experiments.
Higher YY1 expression correlated with diminished postoperative progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) rates in TCGA analysis, identifying YY1 as an independent DSS indicator in gastric cancer (GC) patients. Notably, YY1 exhibited significantly elevated expression in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Bioinformatics analysis revealed noteworthy differentially expressed genes (DEGs), transcriptional targets, factors, and co-expressed genes associated with YY1. LASSO Cox analysis unveiled Transferrin as a prospective pivotal protein regulated by YY1, with heightened expression linked to adverse DSS and PFS outcomes. YY1's role in governing the p53 signaling pathway and ferroptosis in GC cells was further elucidated. Moreover, YY1 overexpression dampened immune cell infiltration within GC tumors. Additionally, YY1 overexpression hindered GC cell ferroptosis and mediated Apatinib resistance via the p53 pathway. Remarkably, IFN-a demonstrated efficacy in reversing Apatinib resistance and immune suppression in GC tissues.
Our findings underscore the pivotal role of YY1 in driving GC progression and influencing prognosis, thus pinpointing it as a promising therapeutic target to enhance patient outcomes.
Displacement of the sigmoid sinus vascular wall and intrasinus blood flow motion is known to cause pulsatile tinnitus (PT) in patients with sigmoid plate dehiscence. To investigate the source of ...sound that causes PT, this study sought to determine the correlation between in vivo displacement of the vascular wall and intrasinus flow hemodynamics. A confocal laser displacement sensor and color-coded Doppler ultrasound system were implemented on a participant diagnosed with venous PT. The displacement and Doppler velocity data were analyzed using time series and magnitude squared coherence methods. The median and peak displacement values of the vascular wall were 6.7
μ
m and 11.7
μ
m, respectively. The major frequency range of vascular displacement was below 4 Hz. The portmanteau test was rejected for different values of m. The cross-correlation of the two processes was not zero, indicating the existence of cross-correlation. The peak magnitude squared coherence of the two gauged signals was 0.3 at 7.143 Hz. The displacement of the sigmoid sinus vascular wall was temporally correlated with the intrasinus flow, although the major frequency range of the induced vascular displacement fell below the human hearing threshold. Therefore, the hydroacoustic and vibroacoustic sounds induced by the fluid–structure interaction between the vascular and osseous structures overweighed the displacement of the vascular wall at the focal dehiscence area in PT production.
This study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the hydroacoustic changes from “presence” to “disappearance” of pulsatile tinnitus (PT) with the extraluminal compression surgical ...technique. The recent issues of concern pertaining to the hydroacoustic characteristics of sigmoid sinus wall anomalies and distal transverse sinus stenosis (dTSS) were discussed.
This study was based on a retrospective case series. Seventy-seven patients with PT and transverse-sigmoid sinus enlargement with or without transverse-sigmoid sinus junction anomalies and transverse sinus stenosis (TSS) who had undergone extraluminal compression surgery under local anesthesia were included. Management of intractable intraoperative challenges and techniques for reversal extraluminal compression were introduced. Anatomical measurements, intraoperative color-coded Doppler ultrasonography, spectro-temporal analysis, and computational fluid dynamics were employed to analyze the hydroacoustic characteristics of PT.
The efficacy of the extraluminal compression technique was evident with the significant reduction in peak turbulent kinetic energy, vorticity, and mean pressure gradient at the transverse-sigmoid junction, resulting in over 20% reduction in PT amplitude. dTSS is a common finding in patients with PT exhibiting transverse-sigmoid sinus enlargement. Patients with dTSS presented with significant differences in hemodynamic characteristics as compared to those without. Linear regression analysis showed that the flow disturbance (turbulent kinetic energy and vorticity) was closely associated with the degree of dTSS, whereas the flow amplitude was not related to the degree or location of TSS. Low-pulsatory vortex flow at the transverse-sigmoid junction was visualized during an intraoperative color-coded Doppler examination, and the displayed low-frequency PT sound corresponded to the patients’ subjective perception of PT.
(1) A reduction of over 20% of the flow-induced noise is the therapeutic goal of extraluminal compression technique. Since reductions in the magnitude of hemodynamic parameters, including turbulent kinetic energy, vorticity, and mean pressure gradient, render the flow-induced noise inaudible, besides sigmoid sinus wall anomalies, it is likely that PT develops from the aggregation of flow-based pathologies. (2) Although dTSS and diverticulum may greatly affect the hemodynamics at the transverse-sigmoid junction, in contrast to dehiscence, dTSS and diverticulum may not be the limiting factors for PT development.
Reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF) simulations are used to explore the atomic-level tribochemical mechanism of amorphous silica (a-SiO2) in a nanoscale, single-asperity contact in an aqueous ...environment. These sliding simulations are performed in both a phosphoric acid solution and in pure water under different normal pressures. The results show that tribochemical processes have profound consequences on tribological performance. Water molecules could help avoid direct adhesive interaction between a-SiO2 surfaces in pure water under low normal load. However, formation and rupture of interfacial siloxane bonds are obviously observed under higher normal load. In phosphoric acid solution, polymerization of phosphoric acid molecules occurs, yielding oligomers under lower load, and tribochemical reactions between the molecules and the sliding surfaces could enhance wear under higher load. The bridging oxygen atoms in silica play an important role in the formation of interfacial covalent bonds, and hydrogen is found to have a weakening effect on these bonds, resulting in the rupture during shear-related loading. This work sheds light on tribochemical reactions as a mechanism for lubrication and wear in water-based or other tribological systems.
Venous pulsatile tinnitus (PT) has received increasing attention recently. As analyses of psychophysical and neuropsychological dimensions of venous PT are lacking, this study aimed to quantitatively ...and qualitatively investigate the correlation among audiometric, hydroacoustic, and subjective outcomes in patients with PT.
Fifty-five venous PT patients, with or without sigmoid sinus wall anomalies (SSWAs), were subdivided into SSWAs (n = 30) and non-SSWAs (n = 25) groups. Audiometric and hemodynamic evaluations were assessed. Questionnaires including the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) were deployed to evaluate the psychological impacts of PT.
Among 55 subjects, PT frequency-related pure-tone audiometry (PTA) was significantly different between ipsilesional non-PT frequency-related PTA (p < 0.01), ipsilateral jugular vein compression PTA (p < 0.01), and contralesional ear PTA (p < 0.01). In contrast with the pulsatility index and flow velocity, bilateral EOET and flow volume were significantly different (p < 0.01). Of the 3 questionnaire types, there was a strong correlation between HADS anxiety and AIS scores (r = 0.658, p < 0.01). The duration of PT was not correlated with subjective outcomes, and there was no statistical significance found among audiometric, hemodynamic, and subjective outcomes between SSWAs and non-SSWAs groups.
(1) The duration of PT was irrelevant to the increase of PTA. (2) Venous PT is the perception of vascular flow sound, in which hydroacoustic characteristics can be highly independent. (3) Anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders commonly prevail among PT patients.
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of regulatory RNAs with complex roles in healthy and diseased tissues. However, the oncogenic role of circRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains ...poorly understood, including the mechanisms by which the circular ubiquitin-binding associated protein 2 (circUBAP2) contributes to tumorigenesis. We analyzed the expression of circUBAP2 in 20 paired samples of HCC and healthy tissue as well as in seven HCC cell lines via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Functional experiments, such as CCK8 viability assays, colony formation assays, wound healing, transwell assays and flow cytometry, were conducted to assess the effects of circUBAP2 in vitro. To further elucidate the mechanisms by which circUBAP2 acts, we conducted dual-luciferase assays, western blots, RNA pull-down assays and rescue experiments. CircUBAP2 was highly upregulated in most HCC tissues and was associated with poor prognosis. HCC patients with high circUBAP2 expression had greater vascular invasion and worse differentiation. Functionally, circUBAP2 overexpression enhanced HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibited apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that circUBAP2 upregulated c-Myc expression by sponging miR-1294, thus contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis. Inhibiting circUBAP2 expression in HCC attenuated the oncogenic effects of c-Myc. These findings suggest that circUBAP2 promotes HCC growth and metastasis. CircUBAP2 may have value as an independent prognostic biomarker or as a new target for the treatment of HCC.
We found that circUBAP2 upregulated c-Myc expression by sponging miR-1294, thus contributing to hepatocarcinogenesis. Inhibiting circUBAP2 expression in HCC attenuated the oncogenic effects of c-Myc. CircUBAP2 may have value as an independent prognostic biomarker.
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