Nesretnici i nevoljnici Zagorac, Ivana
Nova prisutnost,
2023, Letnik:
XXI, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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U tekstu se razmatra način na koji se u hrvatskom javnom prostoru tijekom 19. stoljeća tematizirao status siromaha te osoba koje su bile proglašene umobolnima. Istraživanje se temelji na analizi ...tekstova iz najstarijih sačuvanih novina koje su objavljivale na hrvatskom jeziku te strukovnih glasila liječnika i učitelja koja su izlazila tijekom 19. stoljeća. Polazna pretpostavka je da tiskovine namijenjene širem krugu čitatelja i posvećene aktualnim događajima svoje sadržaje oblikuju prema postojećim trendovima u javnom prostoru. Autori novinskih članaka često ukazuju na predrasude i diskriminaciju spram marginaliziranih skupina, pritom nastojeći potaknuti emocionalnu reakciju čitatelja. Novinski napisi također ukazuju i na specifičan status pojedinih bolesti uma i tijela. Nadalje, urednici novina, jednako kao i liječnici i učitelji u svojim strukovnim glasilima, jasno uočavaju povezanost između života u neimaštini s tjelesnim i duhovnim propadanjem pučanstva. Velike nade polažu se u obrazovanje koje, prema tadašnjem razumijevanju, ima moć sprječavanja slaboumnosti.
The paper examines the way in which the status of the poor and persons who were declared mentally ill was thematized in Croatian public space during the 19th century. The research is based on the analysis of texts from the oldest preserved newspapers that were published in the Croatian language and texts from professional journals of doctors and teachers that were published during the 19th century. The basic assumption is that publications intended for a wider range of readers and dedicated to current events shape their contents according to existing trends in the public space. Authors of newspaper articles often point out prejudice and discrimination against marginalized groups, while trying to provoke an emotional reaction from the reader. Newspaper articles also indicate the specific status of certain diseases of the mind and body. Furthermore, newspaper editors, as well as doctors and teachers in their professional newsletters, clearly see the connection between living in poverty and the physical and spiritual deterioration of the population. Great hopes were placed on education, which, according to the understanding of the time, had the power to prevent feeble-mindedness.
Osnovna je tema ovoga rada moderna ideja sveučilišta, koja se uobičajeno povezuje s djelovanjem Wilhelma von Humboldta i osnivanjem sveučilišta u Berlinu. Cilj je rada sagledati filozofijske temelje ...na kojima je ona izgrađena, kao i kritički razmotriti uzroke zagovora nove ideje sveučilišta naspram postojećeg srednjovjekovnog modela visokog obrazovanja. Od mnogih doprinosa, izdvojeni su radovi Kanta, Fichtea i Schleiermachera koji se sagledavaju pod vidom njihova utjecaja na formiranje pojedinih aspekata moderne ideje sveučilišta. Iako navedeni autori postižu suglasnost oko osnovnih ciljeva novoga sveučilišta, nisu suglasni u svim aspektima praktične realizacije.
The main theme of this paper is the modern idea of the university, which is commonly associated with the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt and the founding of the university in Berlin. The aim of the paper is to examine the philosophical foundations on which it was built, as well as to critically reflect on the causes for advocating the new idea of the university against the existing medieval model of higher education. Among the many contributions, the works of Kant, Fichte and Schleiermacher were selected and examined in view of their influence on the formation of certain aspects of the modern idea of the university. Although the mentioned authors agreed on the basic objectives of the new university, they did not agree on all aspects of practical realization.
Epithelial malignancies are effectively treated by antiangiogenics; however, acquired resistance is a major problem in cancer therapeutics. Epithelial tumors commonly have mutations in the ...MAPK/Pi3K-AKT pathways, which leads to high-rate aerobic glycolysis. Here, we show how multikinase inhibitor antiangiogenics (TKIs) induce hypoxia correction in spontaneous breast and lung tumor models. When this happens, the tumors downregulate glycolysis and switch to long-term reliance on mitochondrial respiration. A transcriptomic, metabolomic, and phosphoproteomic study revealed that this metabolic switch is mediated by downregulation of HIF1α and AKT and upregulation of AMPK, allowing uptake and degradation of fatty acids and ketone bodies. The switch renders mitochondrial respiration necessary for tumor survival. Agents like phenformin or ME344 induce synergistic tumor control when combined with TKIs, leading to metabolic synthetic lethality. Our study uncovers mechanistic insights in the process of tumor resistance to TKIs and may have clinical applicability.
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•Anti-angiogenics can correct hypoxia in breast and lung tumors•Normoxic tumors shut down glycolysis and rely on mitochondrial metabolism•Mitochondrial metabolism is essential for tumor survival when normoxic•Targeting mitochondrial metabolism is synergistic with antiangiogenics
Navarro et al. show that tumors treated with antiangiogenics can correct hypoxia and downregulate aerobic glycolysis. Tumors show metabolic plasticity, switching to mitochondrial metabolism, mediated by AMPK, PKA, and PPARα. Despite the adaptation, mitochondrial metabolism becomes essential for tumor survival. Thus, anti-mitochondrial agents induce metabolic synthetic lethality in this situation.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks prognostic and predictive markers. Here, we use high-throughput phosphoproteomics to build a functional TNBC taxonomy. A cluster of 159 phosphosites is ...upregulated in relapsed cases of a training set (n = 34 patients), with 11 hyperactive kinases accounting for this phosphoprofile. A mass-spectrometry-to-immunohistochemistry translation step, assessing 2 independent validation sets, reveals 6 kinases with preserved independent prognostic value. The kinases split the validation set into two patterns: one without hyperactive kinases being associated with a >90% relapse-free rate, and the other one showing ≥1 hyperactive kinase and being associated with an up to 9.5-fold higher relapse risk. Each kinase pattern encompasses different mutational patterns, simplifying mutation-based taxonomy. Drug regimens designed based on these 6 kinases show promising antitumour activity in TNBC cell lines and patient-derived xenografts. In summary, the present study elucidates phosphosites and kinases implicated in TNBC and suggests a target-based clinical classification system for TNBC.
The very definition, scope, and practical implications of the concept of vulnerability are among the most debated questions in the field of vulnerability research. However, a consensus seems to exist ...regarding children and adolescents: they are generally considered vulnerable and in need of special protection due to their physical and psychological immaturity, lack of knowledge and life experience, and overall dependency on adults. The special status of this population is safeguarded in numerous legal and ethics documents. In this paper, we discuss the commercial use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), as a method that have potential to affect functioning of the brain tissue with electrical currents, but also a variety of digital methods used to influence the brain. tDCS is openly advertised, affordable and accessible, even to minors. However, changes that tDCS and similar methods could induce in developing brain tissue and consequently their interference with the normal neurodevelopmental processes could have far-reaching health ramifications and thus represent new sources of vulnerability that slip under the radar of formalized legal and ethics documents. This article discusses changes in the adolescent brain during development and address whether adolescents who would wish to use these neuroenhancement procedures should be considered vulnerable and on what grounds.
Sama definicija, opseg i praktične implikacije koncepta ranjivosti su među najčešće raspravljanim pitanjima u području istraživanja ranjivosti. Zbog njihove fizičke i psihološke nezrelosti, nedostatka znanja i životnog iskustva te sveukupne ovisnosti o odraslima, postoji konsenzus da se djeca i adolescenti općenito smatraju ranjivima, te da ih je potrebno zaštititi. Poseban status ove populacije potvrđen je i u brojnim zakonskim i etičkim dokumentima. U radu raspravljamo o komercijalnoj upotrebi transkranijalne stimulacije istosmjernom strujom (tDCS) kao metode koja, djelujući s električnom strujom, može utjecati na funkcioniranje moždanog tkiva. Također govorimo i o ostalim digitalnim metodama koje se koriste za djelovanje na mozak. tDSC se otvoreno oglašava, pristupačan je cijenom i dostupan, čak i maloljetnicima. No, promjene koje bi tDCS i slične metode mogle potaknuti u razvoju moždanog tkiva i posljedično njihovu interferenciju s normalnim neurorazvojnim procesima mogle bi imati dalekosežne zdravstvene posljedice i tako predstavljati nove izvore ranjivosti koji nisu obuhvaćeni u formalnim pravnim i etičkim dokumentima. U ovom se članku raspravlja o promjenama u adolescentskom mozgu tijekom razvoja i pitanjem trebaju li se adolescenti koji žele koristiti ove postupke za neuropoboljšanje smatrati ranjivima i na temelju čega.
Sport, igra, svrhovitost Zagorac, Ivana; Škerbić, Matija Mato
Crkva u svijetu,
10/2018, Letnik:
53, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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Priroda veze između sporta i igre predmet je brojnih rasprava. Teorije se kreću od tvrdnje da je svaki sport igra (dok svaka igra nije sport) pa do stavova koji dokidaju svaku vezu između modernog ...sporta i igre. U prvome dijelu rada razmotrit će se povezanost sporta i igre kroz analizu teze koja tvrdi da je sport igra. Ukazat će se na definicije i razgraničenja pojmova ‘sport’, ‘igra’ (game) i ‘igranje’ (play), oslanjajući se na tekstove Bernarda H. Suitsa, koji će biti kritički vrjednovani. U drugome dijelu rada sagledat će se pitanje svrhe sporta. Razmotrit će se izvanjske i unutarnje svrhe sporta. Posebno će se sagledati stajališta „širokog internalizma” i „historicističkog konvencionalizma” te teza da je sport samosvrhovit. U završnome dijelu teksta razmatraju se argumenti Eugena Finka za tvrdnju da je igra samosvrhovita.
U prvome dijelu rada ukratko se analiziraju zagovor odgoja za suosjećanje te poziv na razvoj kulture empatije, kao i koncepti suosjećanja i empatije. U drugome dijelu rada sagledavaju se ...karakteristike odgoja za suosjećanje, pri čemu se ukazuje na njegovu snagu, ali i ograničenja. Posebno poticajnima u tom pogledu pokazat će se uvidi Jean-Jacquesa Rousseaua. Ističe se isprepletenost odgoja za suosjećanje i društvenih okolnosti: s jedne strane sugerira se da takav odgoj ima potencijal poboljšavanja društvenih i moralnih odnosa u društvu, dok se s druge strane nalazi uvid da su gotovo svakoj devijaciji suosjećanja pridonijeli upravo društveni život, socijalne norme i iskrivljeni moralni standardi. Na tragu zapažanja Davida Humea o odnosu suosjećanja i pravednosti, nadalje se ukazuje na opasnost da odgoj za suosjećanje, koji u prvi plan stavlja pojedinca i njegovu osobnu odgovornost, posluži kao alibi za pasivnost institucija čija je uloga zaštita ranjivih skupina. Zaključuje se da je potrebno ostaviti dovoljno prostora i urediti poticajnu okolinu za razvoj i odgoj suosjećanja, no da nije uputno idealizirati njegovu snagu i bezgraničnost.
The first part of the paper deals with the concepts of compassion and empathy. It also delivers a short analysis of the popular calls for education for compassion and the development of the culture of empathy. The second part of the paper focuses on education for compassion. The contributions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau provided a starting point in the analysis of potentials and limitations of such education. The interrelatedness between education for compassion and social aspects of a particular society proved to be especially important: on the one side, education that is oriented towards compassion has the potential of improving social and moral relations in a particular society, while on the other side, such education is vulnerable to the corruption of the very society it intends to improve. In the last part of the paper, and following David Hume’s insights on the relation between compassion and justice, we point to a possibly problematic aspect of such relation. Namely, while education for compassion might serve a noble purpose in regenerating the society as a whole, at the same time, it might provide a reason for the passivity of the institutions that should protect the vulnerable. In other words, society’s mechanisms might use a growing personal responsibility towards the vulnerable as an alibi for their own incompetence. The conclusion is that education for compassion has to be nurtured within the society; however, its strength and potentials must not be uncritically idealized.
The aim of this study is to explore what actual guidance is provided by authoritative ethics documents regarding the recognition and protection of the vulnerable. The documents included in this ...analysis are the Belmont Report, the Declaration of Helsinki, The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Guidelines, and the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights, including its supplementary report on vulnerability. A qualitative analysis of these documents was conducted in light of three questions: what is vulnerability, who are the vulnerable, and how should the vulnerable be protected? The results show significant differences among the documents regarding the first two questions. None of the documents provides any guidance on the third question (how to protect the vulnerable). These results suggest a great discrepancy between the acknowledged importance of the concept of vulnerability and a general understanding of the scope, content, and practical implications of vulnerability.
Ima li u odgoju mjesta za ljubav? Zagorac, Ivana; Dretar, Tomislav
Filozofska istraživanja,
12/2023, Letnik:
43, Številka:
3
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
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U svojemu najznačajnijem djelu iz područja filozofije odgoja Ličnost i odgoj (1932.), Pavao Vuk-Pavlović polemizira s tvrdnjom Maxa Schelera o tomu da ljubav ne može biti odgojnim principom. Prema ...Vuk-Pavloviću, taj se Schelerov stav temelji na dvjema zabludama: prva je vezana uz Schelerovo pogrješno razumijevanje odgoja, a druga uz njegovo pogrješno razumijevanje ljubavi. U radu se analizira utemeljenost Vuk-Pavlovićeve kritike i postavlja šire pitanje o mogućnostima i granicama ljubavi u odgoju. Definirajući koncept ljubavi, Scheler ga doista suprotstavlja odgoju, koji podrazumijeva utjecanje na svoj objekt. U tom smislu, odgojem se pokušava nešto promijeniti na onomu koga se odgaja. Ljubav pak, prema Scheleru, podrazumijeva prihvaćanje onoga voljenog, a da ga se ne pokušava promijeniti. Prema tomu, svrha ljubavi nije utjecaj na voljeni objekt. Ipak, kroz genuini akt ljubavi, tvrdi Scheler, može doći do promjene kao pojavljivanja više vrijednosti. Schelerovo razumijevanje odgoja počiva na shvaćanju odgoja u negativnom smislu nametanja stranih vrijednosti, pri čemu se ne priznaje vlastitost i vrijednosni potencijal onoga koga se odgaja. S obzirom na navedenu koncepciju ljubavi, moglo bi se teoretizirati o drukčijoj vrsti odgoja koja podrazumijeva ljubav u smislu razvitka vlastitosti.
In his most significant work in the field of philosophy of education, Personhood and Education (1932), Vuk-Pavlović criticizes Schelerʼs claim that love cannot be an educational principle. According to Vuk-Pavlović, this claim is based on Schelerʼs two misconceptions: the first is related to Schelerʼs misunderstanding of education, and the second to his misunderstanding of love. In this text, we examine aspects of Vuk-Pavlovićʼs criticism and ask a broader question about the potentials and limits of love in education. When defining the concept of love, Scheler indeed opposes it to education, which for him implies changing the object of education. In this sense, education is an attempt to change the person being raised. On the other hand, according to Scheler, love means accepting the loved one without trying to change him. Therefore, the purpose of love is not to transform the loved object. However, through a genuine act of love, Scheler claims, change can occur as the appearance of higher values. Schelerʼs criticism of education is based on the understanding of education in the negative sense of imposing external values, where the individuality and value potential of the one being educated is not recognized. With regard to the aforementioned conception of love, one could theorize about a different type of education, which implies love in the sense of the development of one’s self.
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