Some authors suggest that working memory may underlie most of cognitive deficits found in schizophrenia and contribute to the most salient features of the disorder. Many authors further believe that, ...despite the differences in magnitude, profile of cognitive impairment is quite similar across schizophrenia and affective psychosis. To test the hypothesis of profile similarity between SCZ and BPD compared to healthy individuals, we carried out a comparative study applying several working memory tasks.
A total of 64 subjects participated in the study, 20 diagnosed with schizophrenia, 18 with bipolar affective disorder and 26 healthy controls. Groups were matched according to age, sex and education, and two clinical groups were also matched according to the number of hospitalizations. To measure working memory we applied se Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), STROOP task, Trail making test (TMT), Digit span forward and backward tasks. To test the size and profile similarities of the groups, we used ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests on individual measures and on factor scores.
Most indicators of the WCST did not differentiate between the groups, but all of the remaining indicators indicated weaker working memory of the two clinical groups compared to the healthy controls. All applied measures could be reduced to two latent constructs provisionally named WM Attention and WM Capacity. Both clinical groups scored lower on the capacity component than controls, whereas the three groups could not be distinguished according to the attention component. Results provided no evidence of difference in either size or profile of working memory impairment in patients with SCZ and BDP.
The current study determined impairment of WM in patients diagnosed with SCZ and BPD compared to healthy controls. However, no difference was found regarding either the size or the profile of impairment between SCZ and BPD patients.
Life on Goli otok Through Tattoos Zaja, Nikola; Uzun, Suzana; Kozumplik, Oliver ...
Socijalna psihijatrija,
3/2018, Letnik:
46, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Cilj ovog rada je opisati primjenu psihometrijskih i kliničkih instrumenata za procjenu posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja (PTSP-a) i ocjenu terapijskog učinka.
Uz dijagnostičke kriterije za PTSP, ...pomoć u dijagnostici PTSP-a predstavlja i uporaba psihometrijski validiranih instrumenata. Instrumenti za procjenu PTSP-a se obično dijele u dvije skupine: prvu skupinu čine strukturirani i polustrukturirani intervjui koji zahtijevaju individualan pristup i specifične vještine i znanja iskusnog kliničara koji ih primjenjuje. Drugu skupinu instrumenata čine psihometrijske ljestvice koje omogućuju procjenu intenziteta simptoma. Ljestvice za mjerenje PTSP-a daju informacije o vrsti i intenzitetu simptoma. Također, mnoge od njih postavljaju granične vrijednosti koje služe kao indikator prisutnosti ili odsustva poremećaja. Izbor instrumentarija ovisi o cilju istraživanja, teorijskom kontekstu i raspoloživom uzorku. Složenost procesa procjene, odnosno izbor instrumenata koji će se primijeniti, u velikoj mjeri ovisi o kontekstu unutar kojeg se procjena vrši. Precizna dijagnostička procjena uključuje integraciju podataka dobivenih iz dva temeljna područja: prvo područje je ispitivanje izloženosti traumi, a drugo je procjena PTSP simptomatike. Ovdje valja naglasiti da je prije primjene strukturiranih kliničkih intervjua i skala procjene nužno provesti obuku i trening ocjenjivača te objektivno izmjeriti podudarnost njihovih procjena na svakoj od čestica pojedine skale. Za mjerenje simptoma PTSP-a konstruiran je i veliki niz samoocjenskih ljestvica. Za ocjenu terapijskog učinka također se koriste različiti tipovi instrumenata, odnosno i strukturirani intervjui i samoocjenske ljestvice.
Može se naglasiti da je upotreba psihometrijskih instrumenata važna u metodologiji suvremenog kliničkog stručno-znanstvenog rada u procjeni PTSP-a i praćenju terapijskog učinka. U tu svrhu potrebno je ove instrumente i nadalje razvijati.
The aim of this study is to determine the word frequency for all thirty letters of the Croatian alphabet and to collect normative data for the letter fluency task in Croatian speakers. Ninety two ...healthy participants were given each of the Croatian letters, and asked to generate as many words as possible in 60 seconds for each letter Results suggested that participants generated most frequently words starting with the letters as follows: "K", "P", "S" and "M".
In the work, the authors have used correlation analysis, based on data gathered on a sample of 190 students, to test the hypotheses emerging from two basic theoretical models of relations between ...personality and social attitudes – the psychoanalytical
and socialisational. The psychoanalytical model presupposes the existence of a protective mechanism facing an uncertain and threatening reality, with attempts at making this reality simpler, more specific and unambiguous. In accordance with these suppositions such a mechanism of self-deception and cognitive inaccessibility lies in the adoption of primarily conservative attitudes. The absence of significant correlations of conservative attitudes and emotional stability, intellect and self-deception leads to the rejection of such a model.
The authors used correlation analysis of data gathered on a sample of 190 students to test the hypotheses emerging from two basic theoretical models of relations between personality & social ...attitudes -- the psychoanalytical & socializational. The psychoanalytical model presupposes the existence of a protective mechanism facing an uncertain & threatening reality, with attempts at making this reality simpler, more specific, & unambiguous. In accordance with these suppositions, such a mechanism of self-deception & cognitive inaccessibility lies in the adoption of primarily conservative attitudes. The absence of significant correlations of conservative attitudes & emotional stability, intellect, & self-deception leads to the rejection of such a model. On the contrary, correlations between personality dimensions, psychoticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, & social attitudes connected to religiosity & sexual freedom are consistent with the socializational model according to which personality mostly represents the framework, while attitudes signify the outcome of the socializational process. Models based on the analysis of covariance structure indicate that the influence of personality on attitudes could be observed through the action of two determinants, a relatively permanent sensitivity to socializational influences & to situationally changeable adaptational socialization. 3 Tables, 2 Figures, 89 References. Adapted from the source document.
U radu se, na temelju podataka prikupljenih na uzorku 190
studentica i studenata, korelacijskom analizom provjeravaju
pretpostavke proizašle iz dvaju osnovnih teorijskih modela
odnosa ličnosti i ...društvenih stavova – psihoanalitičkoga i
socijalizacijskoga. Psihoanalitički model pretpostavlja postojanje
obrambenoga mehanizma pred nesigurnom i prijetećom zbiljom
koja se zbog toga nastoji učiniti određenijom, jednostavnijom i
jednoznačnom. Sukladno pretpostavkama, takav mehanizam
samoobmane i kognitivne zatvorenosti leži u osnovi usvajanja
ponajprije konzervativnih stavova. Izostanak značajnih korelacija
konzervativnih stavova s emocionalnom stabilnošću, intelektom i
samozavaravanjem navodi na odbacivanje takvoga modela.
Naprotiv korelacije između dimenzija ličnosti, psihoticizma,
ugodnosti i savjesnosti te društvenih stavova vezanih uz
religioznost i spolne slobode sukladne su socijalizacijskom
modelu prema kojemu ličnost predstavlja pretežno okvir, a
stavovi poglavito ishod socijalizacijskoga procesa. Modeli
temeljeni na analizi strukture kovarijance upućuju na to kako bi
se utjecaj ličnosti na stavove mogao promatrati u djelovanju dviju
odrednica, razmjerno trajne osjetljivosti na socijalizacijske
utjecaje i situacijski promjenjive, prilagodbene socijalizacije.
PDF
