Methane plays an important role as one of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique is widely used for range-resolved measurements of the ...concentration of atmospheric constituents. This technique uses two wavelengths to measure the difference in the absorption of the lidar return signal as the laser wavelength is varied between a on-line wavelength that is strongly absorbed by molecules and a off-line wavelength that is not absorbed. The advantage of the DIAL technique is that only differences or ratios in the various parameters need to be considered. Methane has several absorption bands accessible by lasers. The mid-infrared region of the spectrum is rich in absorption features for methane and has a weaker solar background than the near-IR region. These are the important advantages of a mid-infrared DIAL system for methane measurements. A ground-based lidar system in the 1.45-4 /spl mu/m region for the remote detection of methane is described and lidar measurements of methane concentration with the system are presented. The lidar system consists of four parts: the laser source, laser wavelength diagnostics, the receiver, and the data acquisition electronics.
Unquestionable, the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic is one of the most impactful events of the 21st century and has tremendous effects on tourism. While many tourism researchers worldwide are ...currently ‘Covid-19 research gap spotting’, we call for more deliberateness and rigor. While we agree that the coronavirus pandemic is unique and relevant to research, we argue that not all effects are worth researching or novel to us. Previous research on crises and disasters do show similar patterns and existing theories can often very well explain the current phenomena. Thus, six illustrative examples are shown how a research agenda could look like. This includes parts where theoretical explanations from tourism are missing, as well as where we think existing knowledge might be subject to a tourism paradigm-shift due to the coronavirus pandemic.
•The coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic is one of the most impactful disasters of the 21st century.•However, in tourism we know already quite a lot about crises and disasters.•For future research, we should therefore not focus on the obvious and simply descriptive.•We illustrate six future research paths, informed by the current pandemic.•We also discuss where existing knowledge might be subject to a paradigm-shift.
Clinical overview on RASopathies Zenker, Martin
American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics,
December 2022, 2022-12-00, Letnik:
190, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
RASopathies comprise a group of clinically overlapping developmental disorders caused by genetic variations affecting components or modulators of the RAS‐MAPK signaling cascade, which lead to ...dysregulation of signal flow through this pathway. Noonan syndrome and the less frequent, clinically related disorders, Costello syndrome, cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, and Noonan syndrome‐like disorder with loose anagen hair are part of the RASopathy spectrum and share a recognizable pattern of multisystem involvement. This review describes the “Noonan syndrome‐like” phenotype as a common phenotypic signature of generalized developmental RAS pathway dysregulation. Distinctive features of the different entities are revisited against the background of the understanding of underlying genetic alterations and genotype correlations, which has evolved rapidly during the past 20 years, thereby leading to suggestions regarding the nosology of RASopathies.
Invasive non-indigenous crayfish species (NICS) are a global threat to local flora and fauna. Total eradication of an entire population of invasive NICS is a difficult task; several methods have been ...tested and are still being used, with varying success. Most methods reduce population size and control the species within the targeted area but do not majorly prevent further spread of NICS. However, construction of crayfish barriers can stop the spread of NICS and can therefore, be used to protect indigenous crayfish species (ICS). There are currently very few published scientific papers about this topic. This review reflects current knowledge on how to stop migration when NICS are established and provides useful information for the construction of barriers. The most important findings related to building a crayfish barrier are: the need for a vertical wall with an overhanging lip above the water surface; smooth sections to prevent crayfish from walking or climbing over the obstacle, combined with flow velocities of 0.65 m/s act as a barrier within the waterbody. Additionally, modifications to existing structures, bridges, culverts and dams reduce costs and increase effectiveness in stopping upstream migration of NICS. Barriers can negatively impact certain aquatic species, mainly benthic and slow swimming fish by preventing their migration and genetic exchange. However, they can have positive impacts for ICS and other indigenous organisms against the negative effects of NICS. Local legislation should support barrier construction to prevent the spread of invasive crayfish and other aquatic invaders to protect ark sites for ICS.
Recent advances in molecular genetic research have led to the definition of the new group of genetic syndromes, the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway disorders or 'RASopathies'. ...They comprise Noonan syndrome and related disorders (cardio-facio-cutaneous and Costello syndromes), as well as neurofibromatosis type 1. This review summarizes the recent literature with a special focus on genotype-phenotype correlations.
Although the picture is still incomplete, and additional genes are likely to exist, the underlying genetic alteration can now be found in a large majority of patients with a RASopathy phenotype. The most recently discovered novel genes for Noonan syndrome or Noonan syndrome-like disorders, NRAS, SHOC2, and CBL, account for small fractions of the patient population. The increasing knowledge about the spectrum of gene mutations and associated clinical manifestations has led to a refinement of genotype-phenotype correlations. Recent studies have added new insights into tumor predisposition and prenatal manifestations. Model systems are being developed to investigate innovative treatment approaches.
Constitutional overactivation at various levels of the RAS-MAPK pathway causes overlapping syndromes, comprising characteristic facial features, cardiac defects, cutaneous abnormalities, growth deficit, neurocognitive delay, and predisposition to malignancies. Each syndrome also exhibits unique features that probably reflect genotype-related specific biological effects.
This article contributes to a broader understanding of how the branding of places affects both residents and tourists. While branding often relies on simplified messages, the effectiveness of such ...strategies for complex brands remains questionable. Residents in particular possess a confounded knowledge of the place and could disagree with simplified destination brands. To test the role of brand complexity for residents and tourists, we conducted two empirical studies (N = 765; N = 385), showing that, for residents, positive place attitude (i.e., place satisfaction, identification, and attachment) and place behaviour (i.e., positive word-of-mouth) increase with a higher brand complexity. The second study shows that the positive relationship of brand complexity is stronger for residents than for tourists, supporting the conclusion that brand complexity is relevant for place brands, but that the place brand for residents requires more complexity than a destination brand, while it imperative that both are integrative parts of an overall brand.
•Residents are an important target group for destination branding, since they, e.g., work as place ambassadors.•(Destination) branding often simplifies messages, but this could be not effective for complex brands.•Residents have a wider knowledge of the place and could disagree with a simplified brand.•For residents, positive place attitude and place behaviour is increased with a higher brand complexity.•Positive relationship between brand complexity and place attitude and behaviour is stronger for residents than for tourists.
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