Under investigation in this paper is the AB system, which describes marginally unstable baroclinic wave packets in geophysical fluids. Through symbolic computation, Lax pair and conservation laws are ...derived and the Darboux transformation is constructed for this system. Furthermore, three types of breathers on the continuous wave (cw) background are generated via the obtained Darboux transformation. The following contents are mainly discussed by figures plotted: (1) Modulation instability processes of the Akhmediev breathers in the presence of small perturbations; (2) Propagations characteristics of Ma solitons; (3) Dynamic features of the breathers evolving periodically along the straight line with a certain angle of
z
-axis and
t
-axis.
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease that can often be triggered upon skin injury, known as Koebner phenomenon. Type 1 interferons (IFNα and IFNβ), key cytokines that activate autoimmunity ...during viral infection, have been suggested to play an indispensable role in initiating psoriasis during skin injury. Type 1 IFN-inducible gene signature has been identified as one of the major upregulated gene signatures in psoriatic skin. Type 1 IFNs treatments often directly induce or exacerbate psoriasis, whereas blocking type 1 IFNs signaling pathway in animal models effectively inhibits the development of T cell-mediated skin inflammation and psoriasis-like inflammatory diseases. Epidermal keratinocytes (KCs) occupy the outermost position in the skin and are the first responder to skin injury. Skin injury rapidly induces IFNβ from KCs and IFNα from dermal plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) through distinct mechanisms. Host antimicrobial peptide LL37 potentiates double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) immune pathways in keratinocytes and single-stranded RNA or DNA pathways in pDCs, leading to production of distinct type 1 IFN genes. IFNβ from KC promotes dendritic cell maturation and the subsequent T cell proliferation, contributing to autoimmune activation during skin injury and psoriasis pathogenesis. Accumulating evidences have indicated an important role of this dsRNA immune pathway in psoriasis pathogenesis. Together, this review describes how skin injury induces type 1 IFNs from skin cells and how this may initiate autoimmune cascades that trigger psoriasis. Targeting keratinocytes or type 1 IFNs in combination with T cell therapy may result in more sustainable effect to treat auto-inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.
Petroleum-based plastics are useful but they pose a great threat to the environment and human health. It is highly desirable yet challenging to develop sustainable structural materials with excellent ...mechanical and thermal properties for plastic replacement. Here, inspired by nacre's multiscale architecture, we report a simple and efficient so called "directional deforming assembly" method to manufacture high-performance structural materials with a unique combination of high strength (281 MPa), high toughness (11.5 MPa m
), high stiffness (20 GPa), low coefficient of thermal expansion (7 × 10
K
) and good thermal stability. Based on all-natural raw materials (cellulose nanofiber and mica microplatelet), the bioinspired structural material possesses better mechanical and thermal properties than petroleum-based plastics, making it a high-performance and eco-friendly alternative structural material to substitute plastics.
Direct valorization of methane to its alcohol derivative remains a great challenge. Photocatalysis arises as a promising green strategy which could exploit hydroxyl radical (·OH) to accomplish ...methane activation. However, both the excessive ·OH from direct H
O oxidation and the neglect of methane activation on the material would cause deep mineralization. Here we introduce Cu species into polymeric carbon nitride (PCN), accomplishing photocatalytic anaerobic methane conversion for the first time with an ethanol productivity of 106 μmol g
h
. Cu modified PCN could manage generation and in situ decomposition of H
O
to produce ·OH, of which Cu species are also active sites for methane adsorption and activation. These features avoid excess ·OH for overoxidation and facilitate methane conversion. Moreover, a hypothetic mechanism through a methane-methanol-ethanol pathway is proposed, emphasizing the synergy of Cu species and the adjacent C atom in PCN for obtaining C
product.
Among the various semiconductor materials, zinc telluride possesses the lowest electron affinity and ultrafast charge separation capability, facilitating improved charge transfer kinetics. In ...addition, ZnTe has a relatively high density, contributing to high volumetric capacity. Here, 1D N‐doped carbon‐coated ZnTe core‐shell nanowires (ZnTe@C) are designed and prepared via a facile ion‐exchange and carbonization technique. When evaluated as anode for metal ion batteries, it demonstrates superior electrochemical performance in both Li and Na ion storage, including high gravimetric and volumetric capacities (1119 mA h g−1 and 906 mA h cm−3, respectively, at 100 mA g−1 for Li ion storage), excellent high‐rate capability, and long‐term cycling stability. This remarkable electrochemical performance is attributed to the low electron affinity and high density of ZnTe, and the amorphous nature of the N‐doped carbon layer in the heterostructured ZnTe@C nanowires, which not only provide fast charge transfer paths, but also effectively maintain the structural and electrical integrity of the ZnTe. The strategy of embedding high density and high‐performance active materials in highly conductive nanostructures represents an effective way of achieving electrode materials with excellent gravimetric and volumetric capacities towards superior energy storage systems.
This paper reports a strategy of embedding high density and high‐performance active materials in highly conductive nanostructures to achieve electrode materials with excellent gravimetric and volumetric capacities towards superior energy storage systems.
In this paper, we aim to provide a survey on the applications of deep learning for cancer detection and diagnosis and hope to provide an overview of the progress in this field. In the survey, we ...firstly provide an overview on deep learning and the popular architectures used for cancer detection and diagnosis. Especially we present four popular deep learning architectures, including convolutional neural networks, fully convolutional networks, auto-encoders, and deep belief networks in the survey. Secondly, we provide a survey on the studies exploiting deep learning for cancer detection and diagnosis. The surveys in this part are organized based on the types of cancers. Thirdly, we provide a summary and comments on the recent work on the applications of deep learning to cancer detection and diagnosis and propose some future research directions.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) that developed from PDT, have been studied for decades to treat solid tumors. Compared with other deep tumors, the accessibility of ...urological tumors (e.g., bladder tumor and prostate tumor) makes them more suitable for PDT/SDT that requires exogenous stimulation. Due to the introduction of nanobiotechnology, emerging photo/sonosensitizers modified with different functional components and improved physicochemical properties have many outstanding advantages in cancer treatment compared with traditional photo/sonosensitizers, such as alleviating hypoxia to improve quantum yield, passive/active tumor targeting to increase drug accumulation, and combination with other therapeutic modalities (e.g., chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy) to achieve synergistic therapy. As WST11 (TOOKAD® soluble) is currently clinically approved for the treatment of prostate cancer, emerging photo/sonosensitizers have great potential for clinical translation, which requires multidisciplinary participation and extensive clinical trials. Herein, the latest research advances of newly developed photo/sonosensitizers for the treatment of urological cancers, and the efficacy, as well as potential biological effects, are highlighted. In addition, the clinical status of PDT/SDT for urological cancers is presented, and the optimization of the photo/sonosensitizer development procedure for clinical translation is discussed.
As the key defense molecules originally identified in Drosophila, Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily members play a fundamental role in detecting invading pathogens or damage and initiating the ...innate immune system of mammalian cells. The skin, the largest organ of the human body, protects the human body by providing a critical physical and immunological active multilayered barrier against invading pathogens and environmental factors. At the first line of defense, the skin is constantly exposed to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and TLRs, expressed in a cell type-specific manner by various skin cells, serve as key molecules to recognize PAMPs and DAMPs and to initiate downstream innate immune host responses. While TLR-initiated inflammatory responses are necessary for pathogen clearance and tissue repair, aberrant activation of TLRs will exaggerate T cell-mediated autoimmune activation, leading to unwanted inflammation, and the development of several skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetic foot ulcers, fibrotic skin diseases, and skin cancers. Together, TLRs are at the interface between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In this review, we will describe current understanding of the role of TLRs in skin defense and in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and we will also discuss the development and therapeutic effect of TLR-targeted therapies.
Background and Aim
HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is a relatively well-understood RNA, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various tumors. The aim of the present study ...was to investigate the effect by which HOTAIR acts to influence the biological processes of colorectal cancer (CRC) through p21.
Methods
Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods were employed to provide verification regarding the changes in HOTAIR, PCNA, Ki67, p21, cyclin E, and CDK2 among the CRC tissues and cells. The correlation between the clinicopathological characteristics of patients and expression of HOTAIR and p21 was subsequently evaluated, followed by an analysis into the effects of HOTAIR on the biological processes of M5 cells.
Results
HOTAIR was found to be expressed at high levels, while p21 was determined to be at a low level among both the CRC tissues and the CRC cell lines. The expressions of HOTAIR and p21 were determined to be related to lymph node metastasis, tumor node metastasis, Dukes staging, distant metastases, histological types, and the degree of differentiation. Cells transfected with HOTAIR siRNA displayed inhibited rates of proliferation, invasion, and migration, as well as decreased cyclin E and CDK2, while apoptosis and p21 were increased.
Conclusion
The principal findings demonstrated that down-regulation of HOTAIR elicits an inhibitory effect on proliferation, invasion, and migration, while promoting the apoptosis of CRC cells through the up-regulation of p21. We believe that HOTAIR could represent a novel target for the treatment of CRC.
In the search for a highly active bulk material for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under acidic conditions, we developed a simple solvothermal approach to synthesize Pd2B nanosheets supported ...on carbon, which achieves a low overpotential for the HER, 15.3 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 22.5 mV dec−1 and a high exchange current density (j0) of 2.84 mA cm−2. The atomic structure evolution from Pd to Pd2B catalyst during synthesis is analyzed in detail via experimental and theoretical calculations, which shows that the slow insertion of B is assisted by the layer-by-layer fcc-to-hcp phase transition. Theoretical calculations further revealed that both the subsurface B and the lattice expansion after the hcp lattice formation play a key role to boost the HER activity. Since the Pd2B crystal is the global minimum in the Pd–B alloy, the success in the synthesis and demonstration of high HER activity paves the way towards further exploration of the catalytic performance for this stable metal boride material.
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