Located at the skin surface, keratinocytes (KCs) are constantly exposed to external stimuli and are the first responders to invading pathogens and injury. Upon skin injury, activated KCs secrete an ...array of alarmin molecules, providing a rapid and specific innate immune response against danger signals. However, dysregulation of the innate immune response of KCs may lead to uncontrolled inflammation and psoriasis pathogenesis. Keratins (KRT) are the major structural intermediate filament proteins in KCs and are expressed in a highly specific pattern at different differentiation stages of KCs. While KRT14-KRT5 is restricted to basal proliferative KCs, and KRT10-KRT1 is restricted to suprabasal differentiated KCs in normal skin epidermis, the wound proximal KCs downregulate KRT10-K1 and upregulate KRT16/KRT17-KRT6 upon skin injury. Recent studies have recognized KRT6/16/17 as key early barrier alarmins and upregulation of these keratins alters proliferation, cell adhesion, migration and inflammatory features of KCs, contributing to hyperproliferation and innate immune activation of KCs in response to an epidermal barrier breach, followed by the autoimmune activation of T cells that drives psoriasis. Here, we have reviewed how keratins are dysregulated during skin injury, their roles in wound repairs and in initiating the innate immune system and the subsequent autoimmune amplification that arises in psoriasis.
The photoluminescence of carbon nanodots (C‐dots) can be tuned by changing their surface chemistry or size because the photoluminescence is a function of the surface‐state electronic transitions. ...Increasing the degree of surface oxidation leads to a narrowing of the energy gap of the surface; meanwhile, larger C‐dots with an extensive π‐electron system, which can couple with surface electronic states, can also lead to a narrowing of the energy gap of the surface states.
To evaluate the effect of the single energy metal artifact reduction (SEMAR) algorithm with a multidetector CT (MDCT) for knee tumor prostheses.
First, a phantom of knee tumor prosthesis underwent a ...MDCT scan. The raw data was reconstructed by iterative reconstruction (IR) alone and IR plus SEMAR. The mean value of the CT number and the image noise were measured around the prosthesis at the stem level and articular level. Second, 95 consecutive patients with knee tumor prostheses underwent MDCT scans. The raw data were also reconstructed by the two methods. Periprosthetic structures were selected at the similar two levels. Four radiologists visually graded the image quality on a scale from 0 to 5. Additionally, the readers also assessed the presence of prosthetic complication and tumor recurrence on a same scale.
In the phantom, when the SEMAR was used, the CT numbers were closer to normal value and the noise of images using soft and sharper kernel were respectively reduced by up to 77.1% and 43.4% at the stem level, and by up to 82.2% and 64.5% at the articular level. The subjective scores increased 1 ~ 3 points and 1 ~ 4 points at the two levels, respectively. Prosthetic complications and tumor recurrence were diagnosed in 66 patients. And the SEMAR increased the diagnostic confidence of prosthetic complications and tumor recurrence (4 ~ 5 vs. 1 ~ 1.5).
The SEMAR algorithm can significantly reduce the metal artifacts and increase diagnostic confidence of prosthetic complications and tumor recurrence in patients with knee tumor prostheses.
Lift: Multi-Label Learning with Label-Specific Features Zhang, Min-Ling; Wu, Lei
IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence,
2015-Jan.-1, 2015-Jan, 2015-1-1, 20150101, Letnik:
37, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Multi-label learning deals with the problem where each example is represented by a single instance (feature vector) while associated with a set of class labels. Existing approaches learn from ...multi-label data by manipulating with identical feature set, i.e. the very instance representation of each example is employed in the discrimination processes of all class labels. However, this popular strategy might be suboptimal as each label is supposed to possess specific characteristics of its own. In this paper, another strategy to learn from multi-label data is studied, where label-specific features are exploited to benefit the discrimination of different class labels. Accordingly, an intuitive yet effective algorithm named LIFT, i.e. multi-label learning with Label specific Features, is proposed. LIFT firstly constructs features specific to each label by conducting clustering analysis on its positive and negative instances, and then performs training and testing by querying the clustering results. Comprehensive experiments on a total of 17 benchmark data sets clearly validate the superiority of LIFT against other well-established multi-label learning algorithms as well as the effectiveness of label-specific features.
A Review on Multi-Label Learning Algorithms Zhang, Min-Ling; Zhou, Zhi-Hua
IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,
08/2014, Letnik:
26, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Multi-label learning studies the problem where each example is represented by a single instance while associated with a set of labels simultaneously. During the past decade, significant amount of ...progresses have been made toward this emerging machine learning paradigm. This paper aims to provide a timely review on this area with emphasis on state-of-the-art multi-label learning algorithms. Firstly, fundamentals on multi-label learning including formal definition and evaluation metrics are given. Secondly and primarily, eight representative multi-label learning algorithms are scrutinized under common notations with relevant analyses and discussions. Thirdly, several related learning settings are briefly summarized. As a conclusion, online resources and open research problems on multi-label learning are outlined for reference purposes.
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrient signals that have direct and indirect effects. BCAA catabolism is a conserved regulator of physiological aging and participates in diverse ...physiological and pathological processes, including carcinoma development. The roles of BCAA catabolism in human breast cancer remains unknown. Here we provide evidence that BCAA catabolism is involved in human breast cancer. The plasma and tissue levels of BCAAs are increased in breast cancer, which is accompanied by the elevated expression of the catabolic enzymes, including branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1). Knockdown of BCAT1 represses the growth rate and colony formation capacity of breast cancer cells, opposing results are observed when BCAT1 is overexpressed. BCAT1 can promote mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP production and repress mitochondrial ROS in breast cancer cells by regulating the expression of related genes. Mechanism study reveals that BCAT1 activates the mTOR, but not AMPK or SIRT1, signaling to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and subsequently facilitates growth and colony formation of breast cancer cells. Taken together, we demonstrate that BCAA catabolism is activated in human breast cancer, and abolishment of BCAA catabolism by knocking down BCAT1 inhibits breast cancer cell growth by repressing mTOR-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and function.
•BCAA metabolism is activated in human breast cancer.•BCAT1 regulates growth and colony formation of breast cancer cells.•BCAT1 promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and function.•mTOR contributes to the function of BCAT1.
Antimicrobial peptides Zhang, Ling-juan; Gallo, Richard L.
Current biology,
01/2016, Letnik:
26, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) are a diverse class of naturally occurring molecules that are produced as a first line of defense by all multicellular organisms. These proteins can have ...broad activity to directly kill bacteria, yeasts, fungi, viruses and even cancer cells. Insects and plants primarily deploy AMPs as an antibiotic to protect against potential pathogenic microbes, but microbes also produce AMPs to defend their environmental niche. In higher eukaryotic organisms, AMPs can also be referred to as ‘host defense peptides’, emphasizing their additional immunomodulatory activities. These activities are diverse, specific to the type of AMP, and include a variety of cytokine and growth factor-like effects that are relevant to normal immune homeostasis. In some instances, the inappropriate expression of AMPs can also induce autoimmune diseases, thus further highlighting the importance of understanding these molecules and their complex activities. This Primer will provide an update of our current understanding of AMPs.
Zhang and Gallo provide an update on our current understanding of antimicrobial peptides — a diverse class of naturally occurring molecules produced as a first line of defense by all multicellular organisms.
Under investigation in this paper is the AB system, which describes marginally unstable baroclinic wave packets in geophysical fluids. Through symbolic computation, Lax pair and conservation laws are ...derived and the Darboux transformation is constructed for this system. Furthermore, three types of breathers on the continuous wave (cw) background are generated via the obtained Darboux transformation. The following contents are mainly discussed by figures plotted: (1) Modulation instability processes of the Akhmediev breathers in the presence of small perturbations; (2) Propagations characteristics of Ma solitons; (3) Dynamic features of the breathers evolving periodically along the straight line with a certain angle of
z
-axis and
t
-axis.
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