Background
The new 8th TNM system attributes AEG Siewert type II to esophageal classification system. However, the gastric and esophageal classification system which was more suitable for type II ...remains in disputation. This study aimed to illuminate the 8th TNM-EC or TNM-GC system which was more rational for type II, especially for patients underwent transhiatal approaches.
Methods
We collected the database of patients with AEG who underwent radical surgical resection from two high-volume institutions in China: West China Hospital (
N
= 773) and Xi Jing Hospital of Fourth Military University (
N
= 637). The cases were randomly matched into 705 training cohort and 705 validation cohort. All the cases were reclassified by the 8th edition of TNM-EC and TNM-GC. The distribution of patients in each stage, the hazard ratio of each stage, and the separation of the survival were compared. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Comparisons between the different staging systems for the prognostic prediction were performed with the rcorrp.cens package in Hmisc in R (version 3.4.4.
http://www.R-project.org/
). The validity of these two systems was evaluated by Akaike information criterion (AIC) and concordance index (C-index).
Results
By univariate analysis, the HRs from stage IA/IB to stage IV/IVB were monotonously increased according to TNM-GC scheme in both cohorts (training 2.63, 3.91, 5.02, 8.64, 15.51 and 29.64; validation 1.54, 3.55, 4.91, 7.14, 11.67, 18.71 and 48.32) whereas only a fluctuating increased tendency was found when staged by TNM-EC. After the multivariate analysis, TNM-GC (
P
< 0.001), TNM-EC (
P
= 0.001) in training cohort and TNM-GC (
P
< 0.001) TNM-EC (
P
< 0.001) in the validation cohort were both independent prognostic factors. The C-index value for the TNM-GC scheme was larger than that of TNM-EC system in both training (0.721 vs. 0.690,
P
< 0.001) and validation (0.721 vs. 0.696,
P
< 0.001) cohorts. After stratification analysis for Siewert type II, the C-index for TNM-GC scheme was still larger than that of TNM-EC in both training (0.724 vs. 0.694,
P
= 0.005) and validation (0.723 vs. 0.699,
P
< 0.001) cohorts.
Conclusions
The 8th TNM-GC scheme is superior to TNM-EC in predicting the prognosis of AEG especially for type II among patients underwent transhiatal approaches.
Effective treatments for patients suffering from heat hypersensitivity are lacking, mostly due to our limited understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disorder. In the nervous ...system, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Here, we show that ATF4 plays an important role in heat nociception. Indeed, loss of ATF4 in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons selectively impairs heat sensitivity. Mechanistically, we show that ATF4 interacts with transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member-3 (TRPM3) and mediates the membrane trafficking of TRPM3 in DRG neurons in response to heat. Loss of ATF4 also significantly decreases the current and KIF17-mediated trafficking of TRPM3, suggesting that the KIF17/ATF4/TRPM3 complex is required for the neuronal response to heat stimuli. Our findings unveil the non-transcriptional role of ATF4 in the response to heat stimuli in DRG neurons.
Summary
Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone widely used in malaria treatment, was discovered in the medicinal plant Artemisia annua. The biosynthesis of artemisinin is efficiently regulated by ...jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) via regulatory factors. However, the mechanisms linking JA and ABA signalling with artemisinin biosynthesis through an associated regulatory network of downstream transcription factors (TFs) remain enigmatic. Here we report AaTCP15, a JA and ABA dual‐responsive teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating (TCP) TF, which is essential for JA and ABA‐induced artemisinin biosynthesis by directly binding to and activating the promoters of DBR2 and ALDH1, two genes encoding enzymes for artemisinin biosynthesis. Furthermore, AaORA, another positive regulator of artemisinin biosynthesis responds to JA and ABA, interacts with and enhances the transactivation activity of AaTCP15 and simultaneously activates AaTCP15 transcripts. Hence, they form an AaORA‐AaTCP15 module to synergistically activate DBR2, a crucial gene for artemisinin biosynthesis. More importantly, AaTCP15 expression is activated by the multiple reported JA and ABA‐responsive TFs that promote artemisinin biosynthesis. Among them, AaGSW1 acts at the nexus of JA and ABA signalling to activate the artemisinin biosynthetic pathway and directly binds to and activates the AaTCP15 promoter apart from the AaORA promoter, which further facilitates formation of the AaGSW1‐AaTCP15/AaORA regulatory module to integrate JA and ABA‐mediated artemisinin biosynthesis. Our results establish a multilayer regulatory network of the AaGSW1‐AaTCP15/AaORA module to regulate artemisinin biosynthesis through JA and ABA signalling, and provide an interesting avenue for future research exploring the special transcriptional regulation module of TCP genes associated with specialized metabolites in plants.
Atropisomeric compounds, referring to the compounds showing restricted rotation of a single bond, have recently received much attention as an important class of chiral molecules. Their significance ...is not only derived from their use as catalysts and ligands in asymmetric synthesis, but also due to their presence in many common scaffolds in drug discovery and natural products including axially chiral biaryls, arylamides and anilides. Thus, an increasing number of catalytic methods have been developed for their direct asymmetric preparation. In this context, central-to-axial chirality transfer serves as a promising strategy that has been widely used for constructing many atropisomeric compounds. This review, herein, highlights the recent advances (from 2010 to 2021) in the stereoselective synthesis of atropisomers by central-to-axial chirality transfer.
Alkaline fuel cells can permit the adoption of platinum group metal‐free (PGM‐free) catalysts and cheap bipolar plates, thus further lowering the cost. With the exploration of PGM‐free hydrogen ...oxidation reaction (HOR) catalysts, nickel‐based compounds have been considered as the most promising HOR catalysts in alkali. Here we report an interfacial engineering through the formation of nickel‐vanadium oxide (Ni/V2O3) heterostructures to activate Ni for efficient HOR catalysis in alkali. The strong electron transfer from Ni to V2O3 could modulate the electronic structure of Ni sites. The optimal Ni/V2O3 catalyst exhibits a high intrinsic activity of 0.038 mA cm−2 and outstanding stability. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that Ni/V2O3 interface as the active sites can enable to optimize the hydrogen and hydroxyl bindings, as well as protect metallic Ni from extensive oxidation, thus achieving the notable activity and durability.
An interfacial engineering approach was developed to fabricate a low‐cost Ni/V2O3 heterostructure catalyst, which can efficiently and stably catalyze the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in alkaline media. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that the Ni/V2O3 interface sites can optimize the hydrogen and hydroxyl bindings, as well as protect metallic Ni from extensive oxidation, thus achieving the notable HOR performance.
Maximizing hole‐transfer kinetics—usually a rate‐determining step in semiconductor‐based artificial photosynthesis—is pivotal for simultaneously enabling high‐efficiency solar hydrogen production and ...hole utilization. However, this remains elusive yet as efforts are largely focused on optimizing the electron‐involved half‐reactions only by empirically employing sacrificial electron donors (SEDs) to consume the wasted holes. Using high‐quality ZnSe quantum wires as models, we show that how hole‐transfer processes in different SEDs affect their photocatalytic performances. We found that larger driving forces of SEDs monotonically enhance hole‐transfer rates and photocatalytic performances by almost three orders of magnitude, a result conforming well with the Auger‐assisted hole‐transfer model in quantum‐confined systems. Intriguingly, further loading Pt cocatalyts can yield either an Auger‐assisted model or a Marcus inverted region for electron transfer, depending on the competing hole‐transfer kinetics in SEDs.
Taking small‐molecule sacrificial electron donors as models, we found that increasing the driving force monotonically enhances hole‐transfer kinetics of semiconductor quantum wires in an Auger‐assisted model, while it affects the electron transfer parabolically in a Marcus model. This suggests three design principles to maximize hole utilization to boost solar hydrogen production and photo‐oxidation of small molecules in quantum‐confined nanocrystals.
Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the acidic environment could largely prevent its decomposition to water, but efficient catalysts that constitute entirely earth‐abundant elements are ...lacking. Here we report the experimental demonstration of narrowing the interlayer gap of metallic cobalt diselenide (CoSe2), which creates high‐performance catalyst to selectively drive two‐electron oxygen reduction toward H2O2 in an acidic electrolyte. The enhancement of the interlayer coupling between CoSe2 atomic layers offers a favorable surface electronic structure that weakens the critical *OOH adsorption, promoting the energetics for H2O2 production. Consequently, on the strongly coupled CoSe2 catalyst, we achieved Faradaic efficiency of 96.7 %, current density of 50.04 milliamperes per square centimeter, and product rate of 30.60 mg cm−2 h−1. Moreover, this catalyst shows no sign of degradation when operating at −63 milliamperes per square centimeter over 100 hours.
A strategy that narrows the interlayer distance of cobalt diselenide (CoSe2) is reported, which enables strong coupling between CoSe2 monolayers. The strongly coupled CoSe2 can catalyze electrosynthesis of H2O2 in acidic media efficiently, which yields Faradaic efficiency of 96.7 %, current density of 50.04 mA cm−2, and product rate of 30.60 mg cm−2 h−1, outperforming all catalysts reported previously in acidic environments.
Electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by two‐electron oxygen reduction offers a green method to mitigate the current dependence on the energy‐intensive anthraquinone process, ...promising its on‐site applications. Unfortunately, in alkaline environments, H2O2 is not stable and undergoes rapid decomposition. Making H2O2 in acidic electrolytes can prevent its decomposition, but choices of active, stable, and selective electrocatalysts are significantly limited. Here, the selective and efficient two‐electron reduction of oxygen toward H2O2 in acid by a composite catalyst that is composed of black phosphorus (BP) nailed chemically on the metallic cobalt diselenide (CoSe2) surface is reported. It is found that this catalyst exhibits a 91% Faradic efficiency for H2O2 product at an overpotential of 300 mV. Moreover, it can mediate oxygen to H2O2 with a high production rate of ≈1530 mg L−1 h−1 cm−2 in a flow‐cell reactor. Spectroscopic and computational studies together uncover a BP‐induced surface charge redistribution in CoSe2, which leads to a favorable surface electronic structure that weakens the HOO* adsorption, thus enhancing the kinetics toward H2O2 formation.
Black phosphorus chemically nailed on metallic cobalt diselenide mediates surface charge redistribution, which enables a selective and efficient two‐electron reduction of oxygen toward hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in acid. The catalyst exhibits a 91% Faradic efficiency for H2O2 at an overpotential of 300 mV, and a high production rate of ≈1530 mg L−1 h−1 cm−2 in a flow‐cell reactor.
Selective and efficient catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added fuels and feedstocks provides an ideal avenue to high-density renewable energy storage. An impediment to enabling ...deep CO2 reduction to oxygenates and hydrocarbons (e.g., C2+ compounds) is the difficulty of coupling carbon–carbon bonds efficiently. Copper in the +1 oxidation state has been thought to be active for catalyzing C2+ formation, whereas it is prone to being reduced to Cu0 at cathodic potentials. Here we report that catalysts with nanocavities can confine carbon intermediates formed in situ, which in turn covers the local catalyst surface and thereby stabilizes Cu+ species. Experimental measurements on multihollow cuprous oxide catalyst exhibit a C2+ Faradaic efficiency of 75.2 ± 2.7% at a C2+ partial current density of 267 ± 13 mA cm–2 and a large C2+-to-C1 ratio of ∼7.2. Operando Raman spectra, in conjunction with X-ray absorption studies, confirm that Cu+ species in the as-designed catalyst are well retained during CO2 reduction, which leads to the marked C2+ selectivity at a large conversion rate.
This paper reports on a study aiming at comparing properties of the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy joints between pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding and traditional fusion welding. To achieve the research purpose, ...Ti6Al4V titanium alloy plates with a thickness of 0.8mm were welded using pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam welding (LBW) and gas tungsten arc welding (TIG), respectively. Residual distortions, weld geometry, microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints produced with LBW and TIG welding were compared. During the tensile test, with the aid of a high speed infrared camera, evolution of the plastic strain within tensile specimens corresponding to LBW and TIG welding were recorded and analyzed. Compared with the TIG, the welded joint by LBW has the characters of small overall residual distortion, fine microstructure, narrow heat-affected zone (HAZ), high Vickers hardness. LBW welding method can produce joints with higher strength and ductility. It can be concluded that Pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding is much more suitable for welding the thin Ti6Al4V titanium alloy plate than TIG welding.
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