Rational exploration of efficient, inexpensive, and robust electrocatalysts is critical for the efficient water splitting. Conjugated conductive metal–organic frameworks (cMOFs) with multicomponent ...layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to construct bifunctional heterostructure catalysts are considered as an efficient but complicated strategy. Here, the fabrication of a cMOF/LDH hetero‐nanotree array catalyst (CoNiRu‐NT) coupled with monodispersed ruthenium (Ru) sites via a controllable grafted‐growth strategy is reported. Rich‐amino hexaiminotriphenylene linkers coordinate with the LDH nanotrunk to form cMOF nanobranches, providing numerous anchoring sites to precisely confine and stabilize RuN4 sites. Moreover, monodispersed and reduced Ru moieties facilitate H2O adsorption and dissociation, and the heterointerface between the cMOF and the LDH further modifies the chemical and electronic structures. Optimized CoNiRu‐NT displays a significant increase in electrochemical water‐splitting properties in alkaline media, affording low overpotentials of 22 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 255 mV at 20 mA cm−2 for the hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction, respectively. In an actual electrochemical system, CoNiRu‐NT drives an overall water splitting at a low cell voltage of 1.47 V to reach 10 mA cm−2. This performance is comparable to that of pure noble‐metal‐based materials and superior to most reported MOF‐based catalysts.
A conductive metal–organic framework (cMOF)/layered double hydroxide (LDH) hetero‐nanotree structure coupled with monodisperse Ru sites is constructed via a controllable grafted‐growth strategy. Based on a competitive coordination process, RuN sites are precisely anchored by rich‐amino organic linkers. The chemical and electronic structure of the hetero‐nanotree catalysts are well modified and lead to a superior overall water‐splitting performance in alkaline media.
Under investigation in this paper is the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system which describes the mode-locked fiber lasers. Based on the Hirota method and Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy reduction ...method, N-dark–dark soliton solutions are derived. Features and asymptotic behaviors of dark–dark solitons are analyzed in detail, and typical dynamics has been demonstrated. Both proportional and not proportional single dark–dark solitons in u and v components are studied. Interactions of two dark–dark solitons are demonstrated. We find that there is no energy transfer between the two solitons or between the u and v components before and after the interactions.
Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against complement protein C5, is considered to be the current standard of care for patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and ...atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. This study describes the generation and preclinical attributes of ALXN1210, a new long-acting anti-C5 mAb, obtained through select modifications to eculizumab to both largely abolish target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) and increase recycling efficiency via the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). To attenuate the effect of TMDD on plasma terminal half-life (t1/2), histidine substitutions were engineered into the complementarity-determining regions of eculizumab to enhance the dissociation rate of the mAb:C5 complex in the acidic early endosome relative to the slightly basic pH of blood. Antibody variants with optimal pH-dependent binding to C5 exhibited little to no TMDD in mice in the presence of human C5. To further enhance the efficiency of FcRn-mediated recycling of the antibody, two additional substitutions were introduced to increase affinity for human FcRn. These substitutions yielded an additional doubling of the t½ of surrogate anti-mouse C5 antibodies with reduced TMDD in transgenic mice expressing the human FcRn. In conclusion, ALXN1210 is a promising new therapeutic candidate currently in clinical development for treatment of patients with PNH and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.
In crop plants, a high-density genetic linkage map is essential for both genetic and genomic researches. The complexity and the large size of wheat genome have hampered the acquisition of a ...high-resolution genetic map. In this study, we report a high-density genetic map based on an individual mapping population using the Affymetrix Wheat660K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array as a probe in hexaploid wheat. The resultant genetic map consisted of 119 566 loci spanning 4424.4 cM, and 119 001 of those loci were SNP markers. This genetic map showed good collinearity with the 90 K and 820 K consensus genetic maps and was also in accordance with the recently released wheat whole genome assembly. The high-density wheat genetic map will provide a major resource for future genetic and genomic research in wheat. Moreover, a comparative genomics analysis among gramineous plant genomes was conducted based on the high-density wheat genetic map, providing an overview of the structural relationships among theses gramineous plant genomes. A major stable quantitative trait locus (QTL) for kernel number per spike was characterized, providing a solid foundation for the future high-resolution mapping and map-based cloning of the targeted QTL.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in rice response to Magnaporthe oryzae, the causative agent of rice blast disease. Studying the roles of rice miRNAs is of great significance for the disease ...control. Osa‐miR167d belongs to a conserved miRNA family targeting auxin responsive factor (ARF) genes that act in developmental and stress‐induced responses. Here, we show that Osa‐miR167d plays a negative role in rice immunity against M. oryzae by suppressing its target gene. The expression of Osa‐miR167d was significantly suppressed in a resistant accession at and after 24 h post inoculation (hpi), however, its expression was significantly increased at 24 hpi in the susceptible accession upon M. oryzae infection. Transgenic rice lines over‐expressing Osa‐miR167d were highly susceptible to multiple blast fungal strains. By contrast, transgenic lines expressing a target mimicry to block Osa‐miR167d enhanced resistance to rice blast disease. In addition, knocking out the target gene ARF12 led to hyper‐susceptibility to multiple blast fungal strains. Taken together, our results indicate that Osa‐miR167d negatively regulate rice immunity to facilitate the infection of M. oryzae by downregulating ARF12. Thus, Osa‐miR167d‐ARF12 regulatory module could be valuable in improvement of blast‐disease resistance.
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive diseases. Here we demonstrated that rice Osa‐miR167d facilitates the infection of M. oryzae by suppressing ARF12, and ARF12 is required for resistance to the blast disease. Our findings suggest that the Osa‐miR167d‐ARF12 regulatory module is valuable in blast‐disease breeding programs.
Magnetoelectric materials with a large magnetoelectric response, a low operating magnetic (or electric) field, and a room‐temperature (or higher) operating temperature are of key importance for ...practical applications. However, such materials are extremely rare because a large magnetoelectric response often requires strong coupling between spins and electric dipoles. Herein, an example of a magnetoelectric composite is prepared by using a room‐temperature multiaxial molecular–ionic ferroelectric, tetramethylammonium tetrachlorogallate(III) (1). Investigation of the magnetoelectric effect of the magnetoelectric laminate composite indicates that its room‐temperature magnetoelectric voltage coefficient (αME) is as high as 186 mV cm−1 Oe−1 at HDC = 275 Oe and at the HAC frequency of ≈39 kHz, providing a valid approach for the preparation of magnetoelectric materials and adding a new member to the magnetoelectric material family.
A magnetoelectric composite is prepared by using a room‐temperature multiaxial molecular–ionic tetramethylammonium tetrachlorogallate(III) ferroelectric. The room‐temperature magnetoelectric voltage coefficient is up to 186 mV cm−1 Oe−1 at HDC = 275 Oe and the HAC frequency is ≈39 kHz. This work demonstrates that multiaxial molecular–ionic ferroelectrics are new excellent candidates for the preparation of magnetoelectric composites.
The electrochemical method of combining N2 and H2O to produce ammonia (i.e., the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction E‐NRR) continues to draw attention as it is both environmentally friendly ...and well suited for a progressively distributed farm economy. Despite the multitude of recent works on the E‐NRR, further progress in this field faces a bottleneck. On the one hand, despite the extensive exploration and trial‐and‐error evaluation of E‐NRR catalysts, no study has stood out to become the stage protagonist. On the other hand, the current level of ammonia production (microgram‐scale) is an almost insurmountable obstacle for its qualitative and quantitative determination, hindering the discrimination between true activity and contamination. Herein i) the popular theory and mechanism of the NRR are introduced; ii) a comprehensive summary of the recent progress in the field of the E‐NRR and related catalysts is provided; iii) the operational procedures of the E‐NRR are addressed, including the acquisition of key metrics, the challenges faced, and the most suitable solutions; iv) the guiding principles and standardized recommendations for the E‐NRR are emphasized and future research directions and prospects are provided.
Ammonia represents the blood of industry; and agriculture, crop growth, green energy fuels, and industry production are inseparable from it. The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is expected to replace the harsh and environmentally unfriendly Harber–Bosch process. A timely and comprehensive review of the booming ambient electrochemical ammonia synthesis is presented to promote its rapid and healthy development.
The role of focal amplifications and extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is unknown in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA). Here, we identify frequent focal amplifications and ecDNAs in Chinese GCA patient ...samples, and find focal amplifications in the GCA cohort are associated with the chromothripsis process and may be induced by accumulated DNA damage due to local dietary habits. We observe diverse correlations between the presence of oncogene focal amplifications and prognosis, where ERBB2 focal amplifications positively correlate with prognosis and EGFR focal amplifications negatively correlate with prognosis. Large-scale ERBB2 immunohistochemistry results from 1668 GCA patients show survival probability of ERBB2 positive patients is lower than that of ERBB2 negative patients when their surviving time is under 2 years, however, the tendency is opposite when their surviving time is longer than 2 years. Our observations indicate that the ERBB2 focal amplifications may represent a good prognostic marker in GCA patients.
Vitrification of oocytes has been shown to be closely associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic events. However, little information is available the effect of ...melatonin on the ROS levels and apoptotic events in vitrified oocytes. Therefore, we studied the effect of melatonin on ROS and apoptotic events in vitrified bovine oocytes by supplementing vitrification solution or in vitro maturation (IVM) and vitrification solution with 10−9 m melatonin. We analyzed the ROS, mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+) and membrane potential (ΔΨm), externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), caspase‐3 activation, DNA fragmentation, mRNA expression levels of Bax and Bcl2 l1, and developmental potential of vitrified bovine oocytes. Vitrified bovine oocytes exhibited increased levels of ROS, mCa2+, Bax mRNA, and caspase‐3 protein and higher rates of PS externalization and DNA fragmentation, and decreased ΔΨm and Bcl2 l1 mRNA expression level. However, melatonin supplementation in vitrification solution or IVM and vitrification solution significantly decreased the levels of ROS, mCa2+, Bax mRNA expression, and caspase‐3 protein, and PS externalization and DNA fragmentation rates, and increased the ΔΨm and Bcl2 l1 mRNA expression level in vitrified oocytes, resulting in an increased developmental ability of vitrified bovine oocytes after parthenogenetic activation. The developmental ability of vitrified oocytes with melatonin supplementation in IVM and vitrification solution was similar to that of fresh ones. This study showed that supplementing the IVM and vitrification medium or vitrification medium with 10−9 m melatonin significantly decreased the ROS level and inhibited apoptotic events of vitrified bovine oocytes, consequently increasing their developmental potential.
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