•A 1 mm thick mLHP module with 30 W cooling capacity was first developed.•A lowest system thermal resistance of 2 °C/W was obtained at 25 W.•Fan voltages and working orientations impact the ...performance indistinctively.•Cooling energy saved with the proposed module was up to 80%.•Coefficient of performance based on cooling power was increased by six times.
In this paper, an active air-cooling module based on a 1-mm-thick ultrathin miniature loop heat pipe with a flat evaporator for high-end ultra-slim laptop computers is presented and studied. Systematic experimental investigations were conducted under natural air convection and forced air cooling conditions with different fan voltages. The results indicated that the miniature loop heat pipe module could effectively dissipate a heat load of 12 W at all test orientations under natural convection with zero power consumption when the chip-junction temperatures were below 85 °C. Under forced air cooling, the proposed miniature loop heat pipe module had almost identical cooling performance at all test orientations when the fan input voltages were changed from 5 V to 2 V. Aided by infrared photography and theoretical analysis, the unique operation mechanism for the module was revealed. Finally, in a 35 °C temperature humidity chamber, the module could dissipate 25 W at a fan voltage of 5 V (22 W at 2 V) with the chip-junction temperature below 85 °C, showing a promising and energy-saving thermal management solution for high-end ultra-slim laptop computers. The results indicate that by using the proposed module, cooling energy savings of up to 80% could be realized compared to the current applied miniature heat pipe module in a laptop computer.
An all-atom force field was proposed for a new class of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylguanidinium (TMG) RTILs. The model is based on the AMBER force field with ...modifications on several parameters. The refinements include (1) fitting the vibration frequencies for obtaining force coefficients of bonds and angles against the data obtained by ab initio calculations and/or by experiments and (2) fitting the torsion energy profiles of dihedral angles for obtaining torsion parameters against the data obtained by ab initio calculations. To validate the force field, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at different temperatures were performed for five kinds of RTILs, where TMG acts as a cation and formate, lactate, perchlorate, trifluoroacetate, and trifluoromethylsulfonate act as anions. The predicted densities were in good agreement with the experimental data. Radial distribution functions (RDFs) and spatial distribution functions (SDFs) were investigated to depict the microscopic structures of the RTILs.
Reliable detection of the media-adventitia border (MAB) and the lumen-intima border (LIB) in intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images remains a challenging task that is of high clinical interest. In ...this paper, we propose a superpixel-wise fuzzy clustering technique modified by edges, followed by level set evolution (SFCME-LSE), for automatic border extraction in 40 MHz IVUS images. The contributions are three-fold. First, the usage of superpixels suppresses the influence of speckle noise in ultrasound images on the clustering results. Second, we propose a region of interest (ROI) assignment scheme to prevent the segmentation from being distracted by pathological structures and artifacts. Finally, the contour is converged towards the target boundary through LSE with an appropriately improved edge indicator. Quantitative evaluations on two IVUS datasets by the Jaccard measure (JM), the percentage of area difference (PAD), and the Hausdorff distance (HD) demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SFCME-LSE method. SFCME-LSE achieves the minimal HD of 1.20 ± 0.66 mm and 1.18 ± 0.70 mm for the MAB and LIB, respectively, among several state-of-the-art methods on a publicly available dataset.
Rapid, sensitive and visual detection of plant viruses is conducive to effective prevention and control of plant viral diseases. Therefore, combined with reverse transcription and recombinase-aided ...amplification, we developed a CRISPR/Cas12a-based visual nucleic acid detection system targeting sorghum mosaic virus and rice stripe mosaic virus, which cause harm to crop production in field. When the RT-RAA products were recognized by crRNA and formed a complex with LbCas12a, the ssDNA labeled with a quenched green fluorescent molecule will be cleaved by LbCas12a, and then a significant green fluorescence signal will appear. The entire detection process can be completed within 30 min without using any sophisticated equipment and instruments. The detection system could detect samples at a dilution of 10
, about 10
-fold improvement over RT-PCR, so the system was successfully to detect rice stripe mosaic virus in a single leafhopper, which is the transmission vector of the virus. Finally, the CRISPR/Cas12a-based detection system was utilized to on-site detect the two viruses in the field, and the results were fully consistent with that we obtained by RT-PCR in laboratory, demonstrating that it has the application prospect of detecting important crop viruses in the field.
Ensemble learning, as a kind of method to improve the generalization ability of classifiers, is often used to improve the model effect in the field of deep learning. However, the present ensemble ...learning methods mostly adopt voting fusion in combining strategies. This strategy has difficulty mining effective information from the classifiers and cannot effectively reflect the relationship between different classifiers. Ensemble learning based on the evidential inference rule (ER rule) can effectively excavate the internal relationships among different classifiers and has a certain interpretability. However, the ER rule depends on the weight distribution of different combination strategies, and the setting of the evidence weight will affect the accuracy and stability of the model. Therefore, this paper proposes a new ensemble learning method based on multiple fusion weighted evidential reasoning rules and constructs an ensemble learning framework for data fusion and decision mapping. This framework takes the evidence weight, confidence, and feature data of each classifier as input and the integration results as output. The weight of evidence was determined by multiple fusion weights of the entropy weight method and order relation method. Finally, the integrated learning process is set up by the ER algorithm. The method proposed in this paper is verified by multiple datasets. Experimental results show that the surface construction model has good performance, and the defects of single weighting instability are greatly improved under the premise of improving the integration effect.
Both highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) and NADC30-like PRRSV have caused tremendous economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. In this study, a good ...challenge model was established to evaluate the protection afforded by the candidate SD-R vaccine against infection with a representative HP-PRRSV strain (HuN4). The control piglets in the challenge experiment displayed obvious clinical symptoms of PRRSV infection, with a mortality rate up to 40%. In contrast, all the piglets in the vaccinated challenged group survived, and only some pigs had transient fever. The daily gain of SD-R immunized group piglets was significantly increased, and the pathological changes were significantly reduced. In addition, the viral replication levels in the serum of the immunized group were significantly lower than those of the challenged control group. The live attenuated vaccine SD-R strain can provide protection against HP-PRRSV challenge, indicating that the SD-R strain is a promising vaccine candidate for use in the swine industry.
Abstract
Virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) in plants can target host transcripts to induce symptom development. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is the most damaging ...rice-infecting virus, which causes severe stunting and poorly developed roots in rice plants, thereby posing a serious threat to rice production. In this study, we show that a vsiRNA (vsiR-S9-18), generated from SRBSDV genome segment 9, targets the transcription factor ROC1 in rice. SRBSDV infection triggered the production of vsiR-S9-18 and resulted in the downregulation of
ROC1
in rice plants. Transient expression of vsiR-S9-18 in rice protoplasts and tobacco leaves further demonstrated the specific association of vsiR-S9-18 with
ROC1
. Moreover, the
ROC1
-knockout rice plants displayed shortened roots, similar to the phenotype of root growth inhibition caused by SRBSDV infection. We propose that vsiR-S9-18 inhibits root elongation via
ROC1
, which has been proven to regulate root growth. This finding extends our understanding of the role of vsiRNA in viral disease development and is helpful for the development of new antiviral approaches.
The MYB transcription factor family is widespread in plants and plays an important role in plant growth and development as well as in plant responses to stress. The MYB transcription factor family ...has been identified in a variety of organisms; however, it has not been identified and analysed in the desert plant Haloxylon ammodendron. In this study, R2R3-MYB genes were identified and analysed using a bioinformatic approach. A total of 78 R2R3-MYB genes were identified and named according to their position on the chromosome. The R2R3-MYB genes were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HaMYB genes were all divided into 31 subfamilies. Covariance analysis revealed the presence of three pairs of fragmentary duplicated genes in H. ammodendron (HaMYB54 and HaMYB17, HaMYB44 and HaMYB36, HaMYB42 and HaMYB27). Gene structure and conserved structural domain analysis revealed different subgroups with different orders of magnitude of variation in gene structures and conserved structural domains. Analysis of cis-elements showed that the cis-acting elements of HaMYBs were mainly associated with hormone and abiotic stress responses. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression levels of HaR2R3-MYB genes, and six HaR2R3-MYB genes were found to respond to salt stress and six HaR2R3-MYB genes to drought stress, with HaMYB22 and HaMYB27 showing upregulated expression under both stresses. Transcriptome analysis showed that HaMYB63 was significantly differentially expressed in the assimilated branches of H. ammodendron, and the subcellular localization of this protein showed that it was located in the nucleus and had transcriptional self-activating activity. These results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the functions of the R2R3-MYB gene family and the molecular mechanisms of resistance in H. ammodendron.
Three frequently-used reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)-based miRNA detection methods, stem-loop RT-qPCR, poly(A)-tailing RT-qPCR, and miQPCR, were evaluated ...using seven selected rice miRNAs. The results revealed that miRNA abundance and sequence characteristics can affect capability of detection. The stem-loop amplification technique detected highly and moderately abundant miRNAs. The poly(A)-tailing method detected both highly abundant and sparsely present miRNAs, but failed to detect miRNAs with a hairpin structure. Only a few miRNAs were detectable by the miQPCR method. We suggest that a combination of methods should be used for reliable quantitative investigation of miRNAs.
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