Past research supports the detrimental effects of parental psychological control on adolescent school adjustment in both emotional and academic domains. However, how psychological control changes ...during adolescence, and how such developmental course is related to adolescent psychological well-being and academic functioning are unclear. The direction of effects between parenting and child behaviors is also inconclusive. This 3-year longitudinal study addressed these research gaps by using five waves of survey data on 710 Chinese adolescents of high school ages (Mean age at T1 = 15.54 years, SD = 0.45, 50% males). Using latent growth curve models and latent class growth analysis, the majority of adolescents (about 63%) reported gradual increases of parental psychological control in the first 2 years of high school but a slight decline afterwards, while the other 37% perceived low and stable levels. Results from parallel latent growth modeling suggested that trajectories of psychological control were positively related to developmental trends of internalizing problems (i.e., depression and anxiety) and maladaptive academic functioning, but negatively associated with the trajectory of adaptive academic functioning, as indexed by intercept-intercept and slope-slope associations. The random-intercept cross-lagged models further revealed that psychological control was predictive of adolescent anxiety and lower adaptive academic functioning, and bidirectionally associated with maladaptive academic-related beliefs and behaviors at the within-person level. Taken together, these findings highlight the crucial role of parental psychological control on adolescent school adjustment in the Chinese cultural context and support the reciprocal model of parent-child interactions.
Materials science will play a key role in the further development of emerging solutions for the increasing problems of energy and environment. Materials found in nature have many inspiring ...structures, such as hierarchical organizations, periodic architectures, or nanostructures, that endow them with amazing functions, such as energy harvesting and conversion, antireflection, structural coloration, superhydrophobicity, and biological self‐assembly. Biotemplating is an effective strategy to obtain morphology‐controllable materials with structural specificity, complexity, and related unique functions. Herein, we highlight the synthesis and application of biotemplated materials for six key areas of energy and environment technologies, namely, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction, solar cells, lithium‐ion batteries, photocatalytic degradation, and gas/vapor sensing. Although the applications differ from each other, a common fundamental challenge is to realize optimum structures for improved performances. We highlight the role of four typical structures derived from biological systems exploited to optimize properties: hierarchical (porous) structures, periodic (porous) structures, hollow structures, and nanostructures. We also provide examples of using biogenic elements (e.g., C, Si, N, I, P, S) for the creation of active materials. Finally, we disscuss the challenges of achieving the desired performance for large‐scale commercial applications and provide some useful prototypes from nature for the biomimetic design of new materials or systems. The emphasis is mainly focused on the structural effects and compositional utilization of biotemplated materials.
Respect the hierarchy! Natural materials have inspiring structures and amazing functions. We highlight the synthesis and applications of biotemplated materials for six key areas of energy and environmental technologies, namely, photocatalytic H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, solar cells, lithium‐ion batteries, photocatalytic degradation, and gas/vapor sensing (see picture).
Abstract Using the ERA‐5 reanalysis datasets, NCEP/NCAR sea ice concentration (SIC) and observed winter surface wind speed (WSWS) in northwest China during 1979–2020, this study examined the regime ...shift of the leading mode of observed WSWS in northwest China and investigated its possible link with the winter Barents–Kara Sea (BKS) SIC. The leading mode of observed WSWS in northwest China showed negative anomalies in southern and northeastern Xinjiang, Gansu, western and northern Shaanxi Provinces, and positive anomalies in northwestern and middle Xinjiang, Qinghai and Ningxia Provinces. The signs of WSWS in the leading mode is generally opposite to their trends during 1979–2020. Leading principal component (PC1) of observed WSWS in northwest China underwent an obvious decreasing regime shift in 2003/04, as well as the winter BKS SIC. There are significant correlations between PC1 and BKS SIC on both interdecadal and interannual timescales. Decadal decrease of BKS SIC is accompanied with a positive phase of Scandinavia pattern (SP) with positive anomalies of 500‐hPa geopotential height over subtropical North Atlantic, Arctic‐Ural region and southern Asia, and negative anomalies over northern North Atlantic‐West Europe and Siberia regions. BKS SIC and SP significantly influenced the Northern China Wind Index (NCWI) at 200 hPa on interdecadal timescale, which was related to the PC1 on both interdecadal and interannual timescales after removing the signal of Arctic Oscillation. Meridional configuration of Siberian cyclonic anomaly and southern Asian anticyclonic anomaly associated with the winter BKS SIC could enhance the intensity of NCWI, which favoured the increase of observed WSWS in northwest China and thereby may contribute to the regime shift in 2003/04 of the leading mode. However, there were still some stations showing decreasing regime shift, which mainly located at the region of steeping terrain. These decreasing changes of WSWS may be related to circumfluence effect of terrain, urbanization and local microclimate, and these reasons still need further detailed study.
Plants are known to respond to Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B: 280-320 nm) by generating phenolic metabolites which absorbs UV-B light. Phenolics are extraordinarily abundant in
leaves and are ...considered, together with pleasant volatile terpenoids, as primary flavor determinants in tea beverages. In this study, we focused on the effects of UV-B exposure (at 35 μW cm
for 0, 0.5, 2, and 8 h) on tea transcriptional and metabolic alterations, specifically related to tea flavor metabolite production. Out of 34,737 unigenes, a total of 18,081 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) due to UV-B treatments were identified. Additionally, the phenylpropanoid pathway was found as one of the most significantly UV-B affected top 20 KEGG pathways while flavonoid and monoterpenoid pathway-related genes were enhanced at 0.5 h. In the UVR8-signal transduction pathway,
was suppressed at both short and long exposure of UV-B with genes downstream differentially expressed. Divergent expression of
at different treatments could have differentially altered structural and regulatory genes upstream of flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Suppression of
at 0.5 h could have led to the up-regulation of structural
, and
genes resulting in accumulation of specialized metabolites at a shorter duration of UV-B exposure. Specialized metabolite profiling revealed the correlated alterations in the abundances of catechins and some volatile terpenoids in all the treatments with significant accumulation of specialized metabolites at 0.5 h treatment. A significant increase in specialized metabolites at 0.5 h treatment and no significant alteration observed at longer UVB treatment suggested that shorter exposure to UV-B led to different display in gene expression and accumulation of specialized metabolites in tea shoots in response to UV-B stress. Taken together, our results indicated that the UV-B treatment applied in this study differentially altered the UVR8-signal transduction, flavonoid and terpenoid pathways at transcriptional and metabolic levels in tea plants. Our results show strong potential for UV-B application in flavor improvement in tea at the industrial level.
•Construct a phenological map of the submerged aquatic vegetation groups.•Analyze the frequency of the existence and stable growth areas from 1986 to 2021.•Analysis of the long time series ...distribution and trends of submerged aquatic vegetation.
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is a key functional group for the restoration of wetlands and aquatic ecosystems. It plays a vital role in the stability of ecosystem structure and function in shallow lakes and reservoirs. With Baiyangdian Lake as the research area, Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI and Sentinel-2 imagery datasets were used to explore the phenological characteristics of SAV over different time scales and construct a phenological map of the SAV groups. The long-term spatial distribution characteristics and trends of SAV from 1986 to 2021 were analyzed. The results show the following: (1) the harmonic analysis of time series (HANTS) eliminated abnormal observations and noise. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series curves generated after HANTS accurately reflected the phenological characteristics of SAV. The early spring submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV1), such as Potamogeton crispus, entered the germination period in late February at the earliest (DOY = 53). The mature period ran from April to May, after which SAV1 began to decline gradually. The length of the growing season (LOS) was about 110 days. SAV2, which was represented by Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum verticillatum, and Potamogeton pectinatus, germinated in early April (DOY = 99). The mature period ran from July to September. The length of the growing season was 210 days. (2) The decision tree constructed based on the NDVI and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) identified SAV with an accuracy of 89.7%. (3) The distribution range of the SAV changed dramatically during 1986–2021. According to the area change, it can be divided into a shrinkage period, expansion period, degeneration period, and initial period of recovery. The succession trend of SAV provide a theoretical scientific basis and technical support for the ecological restoration and management of shallow lake ecosystems.
• In Orchidaceae, pollination is mostly animal-mediated, and one-third of species have evolved a deceptive pollination mechanism without rewards. Cypripedium is a representative lineage of ...nonrewarding orchids restricted to temperate regions. Cypripedium subtropicum flowers are pollinated by hoverflies and have hairy tufts that visually resemble an aphid colony covered with honey dew.
• We recorded the behavior of hoverflies on the flowers, determined the breeding system of the species and the structure of hairy tufts, and investigated the roles of hairy tufts and floral volatiles in this specialized pollination by using pollination experiments, scanning electron microscopy, bioassays and chemical analyses.
• The white hairy tufts covering the sidelobes of the labellum provide edible rewards and serve as crucial visual lures for hoverflies. The flowers emit primarily (E)-β-farnesene and a smaller amount of β-pinene that were found to attract hoverflies.
• Our results suggest that C. subtropicum uses both visual mimicry of an aphid-colonized labellum with a reward and chemical mimicry of aphid alarm pheromones to attract hoverflies for pollination. This is the first described example of a rewarding mimicry system in plants, where the models are animals with their secretions and the reward is similar in nutrients to that of the model mimicked.
Endothelial cells play a key role in the regulation of disease. Defective regulation of endothelial cell homeostasis may cause mesenchymal activation of other endothelial cells or neighboring cell ...types, and in both cases contributes to organ fibrosis. Regulatory control of endothelial cell homeostasis is not well studied. Diabetes accelerates renal fibrosis in mice lacking the endothelial glucocorticoid receptor (GR), compared to control mice. Hypercholesterolemia further enhances severe renal fibrosis. The fibrogenic phenotype in the kidneys of diabetic mice lacking endothelial GR is associated with aberrant cytokine and chemokine reprogramming, augmented Wnt signaling and suppression of fatty acid oxidation. Both neutralization of IL-6 and Wnt inhibition improve kidney fibrosis by mitigating mesenchymal transition. Conditioned media from endothelial cells from diabetic mice lacking endothelial GR stimulate Wnt signaling-dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in tubular epithelial cells from diabetic controls. These data demonstrate that endothelial GR is an essential antifibrotic molecule in diabetes.
Background
Hyperglycemia increases the risk of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and the dysregulation of proliferation and migration in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) also participates in ...the pathogenesis of CVD. miR‐381‐3p is known to suppress the proliferation and migration of multiple human cell types. Nevertheless, the function of miR‐381‐3p in VSMCs remains largely indistinct.
Methods
A quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was employed to investigate miR‐381‐3p expression in high‐glucose‐induced VSMCs. Inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6, as well as oxidative stress markers SOD and MDA, were determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Reactive oxygen species generation was examined using a 2,7'‐dichlorofluorescein kit. The proliferation, migration and apoptosis of VSMCs were monitored by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazl2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetazolium bromide (MTT), transwell and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) assays. The TargetScan database (http://www.targetscan.org) was employed to seek the potential target gene of miR‐381‐3p. Interaction between miR‐381‐3p and HMGB1 was determined by a qRT‐PCR, western blotting and a luciferase reporter assay.
Results
miR‐381‐3p expression was significantly reduced in a VSMCs dysfunction model induced by high‐glucose in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Transfection of miR‐381‐3p mimics suppressed the inflammation, oxidative stress, proliferation and migration of VSMCs, whereas apoptosis of VSMCs was promoted, and the transfection of miR‐381‐3p inhibitors had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, HMGB1, an important factor in inflammation response, was confirmed as a target gene of miR‐381‐3p.
Conclusions
miR‐381‐3p targets HMGB1 to suppress the inflammation, oxidative stress, proliferation and migration of high‐glucose‐induced VSMCs by targeting HMGB1.
Hyperglycemia can reduce the expression of miR‐381‐3p, and up‐regulate its target gene, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), by which high glucose promotes the dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases.
The AAA-ATPase p97 plays vital roles in mechanisms of protein homeostasis, including ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) mediated protein degradation, endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation ...(ERAD), and autophagy. Herein we describe our lead optimization efforts focused on in vitro potency, ADME, and pharmaceutical properties that led to the discovery of a potent, ATP-competitive, D2-selective, and orally bioavailable p97 inhibitor 71, CB-5083. Treatment of tumor cells with 71 leads to significant accumulation of markers associated with inhibition of UPS and ERAD functions, which induces irresolvable proteotoxic stress and cell death. In tumor bearing mice, oral administration of 71 causes rapid accumulation of markers of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and subsequently induces apoptosis leading to sustained antitumor activity in in vivo xenograft models of both solid and hematological tumors. 71 has been taken into phase 1 clinical trials in patients with multiple myeloma and solid tumors.
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide are a serious health concern in young people. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the correlates and risk factors for suicidality. However, ...it remains unclear the complex interplay between different factors and which factors are most saliently associated with NSSI and suicide risk and should be targeted for interventions.
This study utilized network analysis to examine the interrelationship between NSSI, suicide and a variety of psychological (e.g., depression, psychotic-like experiences) and psychosocial (e.g., childhood maltreatment, family dysfunction, being bullied and social support) correlates in a sample of Chinese first year college students (n = 2328).
The severity of depressive symptoms was the only factor connected to both NSSI and suicide. Other psychiatric factors like psychotic experiences could only act in an indirect way via the bridging effect of depression. Emotional abuse, compared with other forms of childhood adversities, was found to be the most influential maltreatment form associated with suicidal ideation and attempts. Finally, social support showed the potential to lower the risk of self-injury and suicide in young people.
Only a subset of risk and resilience factors of NSSI and suicide were included. Causal inference was impossible due to the cross-sectional design.
Our findings highlighted the importance of identifying risk groups with mental illnesses or negative childhood events, and providing additional support during the key time of transitioning into higher education.
•Depression was associated with both non-suicidal-self-injury (NSSI) and suicide in college students.•Depression functioned as a bridging node to connect other psychiatric factors with NSSI and suicide.•Emotional abuse was the most important form of childhood maltreatment correlated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors.•Social support buffered the risk of NSSI and suicide in young people.
PDF
