The main aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of people in severe social isolation as a proxy for high risk of hikikomori using data from 29 European countries. The relationship ...between the presence/absence of severe social isolation and demographic and psychosocial variables was also investigated. Publicly available data from the European Social Survey (ESS) round 9 collected between August 2018 and January 2020 were used. Data from the ESS round 1 (September 2002 -December 2003) and round 10 (September 2020 -May 2022) were also examined to investigate changes in the prevalence of severe social isolation over time. Analyses were restricted to the working-age population (15-64 years). A complex sampling design to obtain weighted prevalence and results was used. The study protocol was preregistered online on the Open Science Framework (
ABSTRACT
The omnipresence of smartphones has not stopped at the door to the nursery. It is especially important to better understand the impact of parental smartphone use on relationships at the ...beginning of children's lives. Babies and toddlers are essentially dependent on caregivers’ sensitive and responsive behaviors within the context of the development of attachment patterns. Disturbances in parental sensitivity can have a negative impact on attachment‐related interactional processes between parents and children and on child outcomes, such as self‐regulatory capacity. The goal of this review is to compile existing research on the impact of parental mobile device use through technoference or absorption on parental sensitivity and responsiveness within parent–child interactions in the early years (0–5). We conducted a thorough search of the databases PsycInfo and PubMed, additionally consulting data sources such as Google Scholar and Google. In this review, we included 12 studies with a variety of methodical approaches. The research so far indicates that parental smartphone use may be associated with changes in parental sensitivity and responsiveness. Absorption in the device appears to contribute to this association more strongly than short interruptions of relating per se (technoference). However, to better understand these processes, more in‐depth, longitudinal research is needed.
RESUMEN
La omnipresencia de los teléfonos inteligentes no se ha detenido a la puerta de la guardería. En especial, es importante entender mejor el impacto del uso de teléfonos inteligentes por parte de los padres en sus relaciones al comienzo de las vidas de sus niños. Los bebés y niños pequeñitos son esencialmente dependientes del comportamiento sensible y atento de quienes les cuidan, dentro del contexto del desarrollo de patrones de afectividad. Las interrupciones en la sensibilidad de los padres pueden tener un impacto negativo en los procesos interaccionales relacionados con la afectividad entre padres y niños y en los resultados en el niño tales como la capacidad de autorregularse. El propósito de la presente revisión es compilar la investigación existente acerca del impacto que el uso de aparatos móviles por parte de los padres a través de la tecno‐conferencia o absorción tiene sobre la sensibilidad y la atención dentro de las interacciones padres‐niños en los primeros años (0‐5). Llevamos a cabo una investigación exhaustiva de los bancos de datos PsycInfo y PubMed, consultando adicionalmente las fuentes de datos como el Investigador Google y Google. En esta revisión incluimos 12 estudios con una variedad de acercamientos metodológicos. La investigación hasta ahora indica que el uso de los teléfonos inteligentes por parte de los padres pudiera estar asociado con cambios en la sensibilidad y atención de los padres. La absorción en los aparatos parece contribuir a esta asociación más fuertemente que interrupciones cortas o relacionadas de por sí (tecno‐conferencia). Sin embargo, para entender mejor estos procesos, se necesita una más profunda y longitudinal investigación
RÉSUMÉ
L'omniprésence des téléphones smartphones ne s'est pas arrêtée à la porte de la chambre du bébé. Il est particulièrement important de mieux comprendre l'impact de l'utilisation parentale des smartphones sur les relations au début de la vie des enfants. Les bébés et les petits enfants sont essentiellement dépendants des comportements sensibles et réactifs des aidants naturels dans le contexte du développement de patterns d'attachement. Des perturbations de la sensibilité parentale peuvent avoir un impact négatif sur les processus interactionnels liés à l'attachement entre les parents et les enfants et sur les résultats de l'enfant, comme par exemple la capacité régulatoire. Le but de ce passage en revue est de compiler les recherches qui existent sur l'impact de l'utilisation parentale des appareils mobiles à travers la technoférence ou l'absorption sur la sensibilité parentale et la réaction au sein des interactions parent‐enfant durant les premières années (0‐5 ans). Nous avons fait une recherche approfondie des bases de données PsycInfo et PubMed, et également consulté des sources de données telles que Google Scholar et Google. Dans cette revue nous incluons 12 études avec une variété d'approches médicales. Jusqu’à présent les recherches indiquent que l'utilisation parentale du smartphone peut être lié à des changements dans la sensibilité parentale et la réaction. Le fait d’être absorbé par le téléphone semble contribuer à cette association plus fortement que de courtes interruptions à la relation en elle‐même (technoférence). Cependant, afin de mieux comprendre ces processus, des recherches plus approfondies et longitudinales sont nécessaires.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Smartphones im Kinderzimmer: Smartphone‐Nutzung bei Eltern und ihre Sensibilität bzw. Responsivität in der Eltern‐Kind‐Interaktion während der frühen Kindheit (0‐5 Jahre): Ein Scoping‐Review
Die Omnipräsenz von Smartphones hat an der Tür zum Kinderzimmer keinen Halt gemacht. Die Auswirkungen besser zu verstehen, die die elterliche Smartphone‐Nutzung auf die Beziehung zum Kleinkind hat, ist sehr wichtig. Babys und Kleinkinder sind im Kontext der Entwicklung von Bindungsmustern essenziell abhängig von den sensiblen und responsiven Verhaltensweisen ihrer Bezugspersonen. Störungen der elterlichen Sensibilität können sich negativ auf bindungsbezogene Interaktionsprozesse zwischen Eltern und Kindern sowie auf Outcomes, wie z. B. die Fähigkeit zur Selbstregulation, auswirken. Ziel dieses Reviews ist es, bestehende Forschungsergebnisse zu den Auswirkungen elterlicher Nutzung mobiler Geräte in den ersten Jahren ihrer Kinder (0‐5) zusammenzustellen. Dabei werden mögliche Effekte von „Technoference“ (die Unterbrechung einer Tätigkeit durch Technik) oder Aufmerksamkeitsabsorption auf die Sensibilität und Responsivität bei der Eltern‐Kind‐Interaktionen beleuchtet. Wir haben die Datenbanken PsycInfo und PubMed gründlich durchsucht und zusätzlich Datenquellen wie Google Scholar und Google konsultiert. In diese Übersicht wurden 12 Studien mit verschiedenen methodischen Ansätzen einbezogen. Die bisherigen Studien zeigen, dass die Verwendung von Smartphones bei Eltern mit Änderungen in der Sensibilität und Responsivität assoziiert sein könnte. Die Aufmerksamkeitsabsorption zugunsten des Geräts scheint stärker zu dieser Assoziation beizutragen als kurze Beziehungsunterbrechungen (Technoference) per se. Um diese Prozesse besser zu verstehen, sind jedoch eingehendere Längsschnittstudien erforderlich.
抄録
子ども部屋のスマートフォン:乳幼児期(0～5歳) の親子相互交流時における親
のスマートフォン使用と親の感受性と応答性:スコーピングレビュー スマートフォンの遍在は、“子ども部屋への入り口”で止まってはいない。子ども の人生の始まりにおいて、人間関係に対する親のスマートフォン使用の影響をよ りよく理解しておくことは、特に重要である。乳幼児は基本的に、アタッチメン トパターンの発達の脈絡においては、養育者の繊細で反応のよい行動を必要とし ている。親の感受性の乱れは、親子間のアタッチメント関連の相互作用プロセス と、自己統制能力などの子どもの発達の成果に負の影響をもたらす。本レビュー の目的は、乳幼児期(0‐5)における親子相互交流時の親の感受性と応答性に対し、 テクノフェレンスあるいは没頭を通しての親の携帯機器使用の影響について既存 の研究をまとめることである。我々は、データベースのPsycInfoとPubMed、さら にGoogle ScholarやGoogleなどのデータソースを徹底して調査した。このレビュ ーには、様々な系統的アプローチによる12研究がある。本研究は、今までのとこ ろ親のスマートフォン使用は親の感受性と応答性の変化に関連している可能性が あることを示唆している。機器への没頭は、親子関係への短い中断それ自体 (テ クノフェレンス) よりも強くこの関連に寄与しているように思われる。しかしな がら、これらのプロセスをよりよく理解するために、より徹底した縦断研究が必 要である。
摘要
摘 要:无所不在的智能手机并没有停在育儿室门口。尤其重要的是, 要更好地了解父母使用智能手机对儿童生命初期人际关系的影响。在依恋模式发展的环境中, 婴儿和幼儿基本上依赖于看护者的敏感和反应行为。父母敏感性的障碍会对父母和儿童之间依恋相关的互动过程以及儿童的成长 (例如自我调节能力) 产生负面影响。这篇综述的目的是汇编关于父母走神或沉迷于使用移动设备对儿童早期 (0‐5岁) 亲子互动中父母敏感性和反应能力影响的现有研究。我们对PsycInfo和PubMed数据库进行了彻底的搜索, 另外还查询了Google Scholar和Google等数据源。在这篇综述中, 我们纳入了12项采用各种方法论的研究。迄今为止的研究表明, 父母使用智能手机可能与父母敏感性和反应能力的变化有关。沉迷于设备比关系本身的短暂中断 (走神) 对这种变化有更大的影响。然而, 为了更好地理解这些过程, 需要进行更深入的纵向研究。
ملخص
الهواتف الذكية في الحضانة: استخدام الوالدين للهواتف الذكية وحساسية الوالدين والاستجابة في إطار التفاعل بين الوالدين والطفل في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة (صفر – 5 سنوات): استقصاء منهجي
لا يقتصر استخدام الهواتف الذكية عند باب الحضانة. ولذلك من المهم بشكل خاص الوصول إلى فهم أفضل لتأثير استخدام الوالدين للهاتف الذكي على العلاقات في بداية حياة الأطفال. يعتمد الأطفال بشكل أساسي على سلوكيات مقدمي الرعاية الحساسة والمتجاوبة في سياق تطور أنماط التعلق. ويمكن أن يكون للاضطرابات في الحساسية الأبوية أثر سلبي على عمليات التفاعل المرتبطة بالتعلق بين الوالدين والأطفال وعلى نتائج الطفل، مثل القدرة على التنظيم الذاتي. والهدف من هذا الاستعراض هو تجميع البحوث القائمة بشأن تأثير استخدام الوالدين للأجهزة المحمولة من خلال على حساسية الوالدين واستجابتهم أثناء التفاعلات بين الوالدين والطفل في السنوات الأولى حتى 5 سنوات. تم البحث الشامل في قواعد بيانات شاملًا عن قاعدتي البيانات PsycInfo و PubMed ، بالإضافة إلى موقع باحث جوجل . في هذا الاستعراض قمنا بتضمين 12 دراسة ذات مناهج بحثية متنوعة. تشير نتائج الأبحاث حتى الآن إلى أن استخدام الهاتف الذكي قد يكون مرتبطًا بالتغيرات في حساسية الوالدين واستجابتهم. كما يبدو أن الانهماك التام مع التليفون (absorption) يساهم في هذا الارتباط بقوة أكبر من التشتت العرضي القصير (تكنوفيرنس) . ومع ذلك، من أجل فهم أفضل لهذه العمليات، هناك حاجة إلى المزيد من الدراسات المتعمقة على المدى الطويل.
To date, little is known about the long-term trajectory of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms in health professions (HP) students over the course of the pandemic. Like health professionals ...in general, HP students may have a significantly greater susceptibility to GAD symptoms due to their involvement in the health care system and the associated specific stressors and risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The HEalth in Students during the Corona pandemic study (HES-C) provided the opportunity to investigate the long-term course of GAD symptoms with eight measurement points over 14 months in 9380 HP and non-HP students in Switzerland between March 2020 and June 2021. We employed logistic regression models with clustered sandwich standard errors to estimate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence of GAD symptoms. In the full model, we adjusted for age, gender, nationality, social status, social support, self-efficacy, and COVID-19 symptoms in the past 4 weeks. At baseline, the estimated adjusted GAD symptom prevalence was 17.6% (95% CI = 14.4–20.7) in HP students and 24.4% (95% CI = 22.3–26.5) in their peers. With the peak of the second SARS-CoV-2 infection wave in October/November 2020, GAD symptom prevalence substantially increased and then remained stable over time, despite changes in the epidemiological situation and its associated containment measures. At the last follow-up in June 2021, GAD symptom prevalence in HP and non-HP students was 22.9% (95% CI = 16.3–29.5) and 36.9% (95% CI = 32.9–40.9), respectively. Absolute differences in GAD symptom prevalence between student groups over all eight measurement points ranged from 6.2% to 14.9% (all p < 0.05). Non-HP students are identified as a specifically vulnerable group. Accordingly, target group-specific public health campaigns and interventions should be developed with the aim to strengthen their resources, reducing GAD symptoms, and preventing chronification.
Abstract Study objectives Cross-sectional studies provide evidence that in pre-schoolers poor sleep is by this age already associated with both poor psychological functioning and an increased ...cortisol secretion. However, long-term studies on the stability of sleep in pre-schoolers are scarce. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate objectively assessed sleep in pre-schoolers longitudinally, and to predict sleep, psychological functioning and cortisol secretion prospectively as a function of sleep 12 months earlier. Method A total of 58 pre-schoolers (mean age: 5.43 years; 47% females) were re-assessed 12 months later (mean age: 6.4 years). Sleep-EEG recordings were performed, saliva cortisol was analysed, and parents and experts rated children's psychological functioning. Results Longitudinally, poor objective sleep at age 5.4 years was associated with poor objective sleep and psychological difficulties but not cortisol secretion 12 months later. At age 6.4 years, poor sleep was concurrently associated with greater psychological difficulties and increased cortisol secretion. Conclusion In pre-schoolers, poor sleep objectively assessed at the age of 5.4 years was associated with poor sleep and psychological difficulties one year later. Data indicate that in pre-schoolers, sleep remains stable over a 12-months-period. Pre-schoolers with poor sleep appear to be at risk for developing further psychological difficulties.
University students were confronted with abrupt changes to their daily lives by the COVID-19 lock-down. We investigated Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7) and anxiety levels, and the ...association between perceived impact on well-being, studies, and daily lives and anxiety levels, adjusted for gender, age, social class and affiliation. Early in the lock-down all students of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (
= 12,429) were invited to a voluntary longitudinal health survey. Participation rate was 20% (
= 2437): 70% females, median age 25 yrs. (IQR 23-28). A total of 10% reported a deterioration of well-being compared to pre-Corona. LCA yielded three classes varying in perceived COVID-19 impact: 1 (low,
= 675), 2 (moderate,
= 1098), and 3 (strong,
= 656). Adjusted proportion of moderate to severe anxiety by class were 45% (95% CI: 28.0-62.0), 15.5% (95% CI: 13.1-17.9), and 5.1% (95% CI: 4.7-5.6), respectively. Multivariate regression analyses yielded an OR for moderate to severe anxiety of 3.88 (95% CI: 2.5-6.0, class 2) and 22.43 (95% CI: 14.5-34.6, class 3) compared to class-1. The investigated association implies that containment measures have a selective effect on anxiety in students. The diversity of students' perception and associated anxiety should be monitored and considered in future response to pandemics.
Young adults have been overly affected by the containment measures against COVID-19 and, consequently, worsening in mental health and change in health behavior have been reported. Because the life ...phase of emerging adulthood is crucial for developing health behaviors, this study aims to examine increase in alcohol consumption, single and multiple binge drinking, and associated factors in students during lockdown and post-lockdown periods.
A prospective open cohort study design with nine survey time points between April 2020 and June 2021 was conducted. The present study uses pooled data from the first survey T0 (3 April to 14 April) and follow-ups at T1 (30 April to 11 May 2020) and T2 (28 May to 8 June 2020). Students from all faculties of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) (
= 12'431) were invited. Of the 1,300 students who participated at baseline and in at least one follow-up, 1,278 (98.3%) completed the questionnaires, final net sample size was 947. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models were used to investigate the factors associated with increases in alcohol consumption based on number of occasions/last 30 days; drinks/week, and binge drinking at T0, and respective changes at T1 and T2 (increases, decreases, no change).
Overall, 20% of Swiss university students reported an increased alcohol consumption and 26% engaged in binge drinking. Number of drinks at baseline was associated with a higher probability of increased alcohol consumption, as well as engaging in single and multiple binge drinking events. Higher anxiety scores were associated with a higher probability to increase the alcohol consumption and engaging at least once in binge drinking. Additional factors associated with any binge drinking were male gender, younger age and not living with parents. Higher perceived social support was only associated with engaging in heavy binge drinking.
A substantial number of students developed a more risky health behavior regarding alcohol consumption. It is important to identify at risk students and design target prevention including factors such as age, gender and social norms. Further, health behavior and determinants of health behaviors of students should be carefully monitored during the further course of the pandemic.
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) play an important role in national efforts to control and contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but some people do not comply with these public health measures. The ...aim of this study was thus to describe this group of noncompliant people.
A random sample of 1,157 people was drawn from the adult general population of Switzerland based on a three-stepped quota scheme considering the variables age (18-31, 32-45, 46-59, and ≥60 years), sex (male and female), and language region (German-, French-, and Italian-speaking Switzerland). We assessed a global scale of non-compliance with NPI based on several individual measures such as wearing face masks and social distancing. As predictor variables we included objective sociodemographic variables (e.g., age, sex) and easy measurable constructs (e.g., fears and worries about COVID-19, trust in medical experts).
Out of 14 predictor variables tested, seven were statistically significantly associated with increased non-compliance with NPI: male sex, younger age, self-identification as low-risk group, judging the consequences of an infection with SARS-CoV-2 as non-serious, less worries and fears about the pandemic, not obtaining regular information from health authorities, and not trusting in medical experts. The most parsimonious multivariable prediction model included the variables younger age, low appraisal of negative consequences, less fear and worries, not obtaining regular information from health authorities, and not trusting in medical experts. The model accounted for 27.9% of variance explained in non-compliance with NPI.
Young adults who perceive COVID-19 as mostly harmless/inconsequential and who ignore and/or mistrust information from health authorities and medical experts, are the population most likely to be noncompliant with NPI. These findings may help to target a group of people at high risk of infection and to efficiently concentrate educational and interventional public health measures.
This article investigates distances between therapists and their clients in their experience of the therapeutic alliance across the duration of the psychotherapeutic treatments in a naturalistic ...study. We looked at the working alliances from different vantage points—rupture, repair of ruptures, distances in the alliance impressions of both clients and therapists—and their correlation with treatment outcome. The only predictive variable of alliance ruptures was the inability of therapists to bond sufficiently with their clients regarding a sustainable working atmosphere, which could be identified through a continuous distant alliance rating by the therapists. Alliance ruptures in turn significantly predicted premature termination of treatments, whereas alliance ruptures per se did not necessarily predict treatment outcome. The paper discusses the possible role of the quality of therapists’ attachment styles as a potentially crucial variable in an effective working alliance in psychotherapy.
The COVID-19 pandemic and government measures implemented to counter the spread of the infection may be a major stressor affecting the psychological health of university students. This study aimed to ...explore how anxiety symptoms changed during the pandemic.
676 students (76% females) at Zurich University of Applied Sciences participated in the first (T0) and second (T1) survey waves. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Scale-7 (GAD-7). Risk and protective factors (e.g., COVID-19-related variables) were examined.
GAD-7 scores decreased significantly from T0 to T1 (mean change: -0.446, SE = 0.132, 95% CI: -0.706, -0.186,
= -3.371,
= 659,
= 0.001). Participants with moderate-to-severe anxiety score were 20.2 and 15.6% at T0 and T1, respectively. The following positively predicted anxiety: older age, female gender, non-Swiss nationality, loneliness, participants' concern about their own health, and interaction between time and participants' concern about their own health. Resilience and social support negatively predicted anxiety.
Our findings provide information for public health measures and psychological interventions supporting the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 emergency.
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