Impact of El Niño on the East Asian Monsoon Zhang, Renhe; Sumi, Akimasa; Kimoto, Masahide
Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
1996, Letnik:
74, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The East Asian monsoon circulation during the El Niño episodes of '86/87 and '91/92 is studied diagnostically. It is found that a southerly wind anomaly appeared in the lower troposphere along the ...coast of the East Asia during the mature phases of these two El Niño events. In the case of '86/87, the mature phase covered the boreal summer and the East Asian summer monsoon was intensified. On the other hand, in the case of '91/92, the northern winter was within the mature phase and the East Asian winter monsoon was weakened. Examination of the circulation features suggests that the effects of the El Niño events on the East Asian monsoon are felt through the variation of convective activities over the western equatorial Pacific. Convections in this area are strongly influenced by the evolution of sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial Pacific and are strongly suppressed during the mature phase, which exerts significant influences on the direct monsoonal circulation over the western tropical Pacific and the East Asia. The relationship between the East Asian monsoon and El Niño in its mature phase is also confirmed by a historical 850hPa wind dataset that covers 6 events prior to the '86/87 event. The dataset also suggests that an inverse relationship does not hold during the La Niña periods.
Hybrids of Modernity considers the relationship between three western modernist institutions: anthropology, the nation state and the universal exhibition. It looks at the ways in which these ...institutions are linked, in how they are engaged in the objectification of culture, and in how they have themselves become objects of cultural theory, the targets of critics who claim that despite their continuing visibility these are all institutions with questionable viability in the late 20th century. Through analysis of the Universal Exhibition held in seville in 1992, the themes of culture, nationality and technology are explored. Particular attention is paid to how "culture" is produced and put to work by the national and corporate participants, and to the relationship between the emergence of culture as commodity and the way in which the concept is employed in contemporary cultural theory.
Most intergovernmentalist analyses of European integration focus on treaty bargaining among European Union member governments. Recent articles also have examined everyday decision making through ...power index analysis, an approach that asserts that a government's ability to influence policy is a function of all possible coalitions in the Council of Ministers to which it is pivotal. This approach suffers from two major weaknesses. First, it fails to take into account the policy preferences of governments; it overestimates the influence of governments holding extreme preferences and underestimates that of more centrist governments. Second, power index analysis fails to consider the important roles of the Commission of the European Communities and the European Parliament in legislative processes. Today's procedures affect the mix of agenda-setting and veto power, and this has systematic effects on policy outcomes. If intergovernmentalism is to explain choices made during treaty rounds, it must take into account these legislative dynamics.
Evidence on Corporate Hedging Policy Mian, Shehzad L.
Journal of financial and quantitative analysis,
09/1996, Letnik:
31, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper provides empirical evidence on the determinants of corporate hedging decisions. The paper examines the evidence in light of currently mandated financial reporting requirements and, in ...particular, the constraints placed on anticipatory hedging. Data on hedging are obtained from 1992 annual reports for a sample of 3,022 firms. Out of the 771 firms classified as hedgers, 543 firms disclose information in their annual reports on their hedging activities; the remaining 228 firms report use of derivatives but no information on hedging activities. Based on the evidence, I draw the following conclusions with respect to the models of hedging: evidence is inconsistent with financial distress cost models; evidence is mixed with respect to contracting cost, capital market imperfections, and tax-based models; and evidence uniformly supports the hypothesis that hedging activities exhibit economies of scale.
What happens in an electoral environment involving female candidates? Do women face different challenges during the electoral process? Do male candidates pay more attention to women′s issues, or make ...other strategic and behavioural changes, when opposed by a female candidate? Richard Logan Fox asks these and other questions with compelling evidence which suggests that women candidates are having a profound impact on the electoral process. The author studies the congressional races of 1992 and 1994 in California, in which a record nineteen women were candidates for House seats. He contrasts the experiences of both the male and female candidates, and sheds light on the different challenges women face during political campaign.
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