This paper presents a modular and comprehensive nonlinear time-domain behavioral model for phase-locked loops (PLLs) that are suitable for analyzing the impact on the output signal of the noise ...contribution and nonidealities of the constituent building blocks. The model building blocks are described by Simulink submodels and can be configured to implement different PLL topologies. Postprocessing of the PLL output provides the PLL phase noise and spur-to-carrier-ratio performances. The calculated phase-noise spectra are compared with those obtained with the well-known linear model and with measurements. To show the flexibility of this approach, many case studies are reported; among them, the analysis of the spurs due to charge pump mismatch and the transient phase noise, and spurs performances of a PLL featuring a dual control of the voltage-controlled oscillator.
In human larynx carcinoma cells, resitance to carboplatin (CBDCA) was induced by continuous five-day exposure of parental lines to the increasing CBDCA concentration in culture medium, reaching the ...clinical level of 9.23 μg/ml. Three clones were selected and characterized; CBP-3, CBP-6 and CBP-7, CBP-3 clone was 2.0-fold, CBP-6 2.1-fold, and CBP-2 2.9-fold more resistant to carboplatin. The response of these sublines to different cytostatics was compared to the response of the parental cell lines to the same drug. CBP-7 and CBP-6 clones exhibited cross-resitance to cisplatin (
cis-DDP), CBP-7 clone became markedly more sensitive and CBP-3 slightly more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), CBP-6 became sensitive to cloposite (Et), CBP-6 became sensitive and CBP-7 resistant to vinblastine (VBL). Other clones did not change change their sensitivity to
cis-DDP, 5-FU, Et or VBL. None of the three clones did alter the sensitivity to mitomycin C, doxorubicin (Dox) or vincristine (VCR). There was no change in the growth rate. Glutathione (GHS) levels were elevated in all three clones, but the increase was significant only for CBP-7 clone. Similarly, the activity of glutathione transferase (GST) was elevated in all clones, but this increase was not significant for CBP-7 clone. The analysis of the
c-myc, c-Ha-
ras and
c-fos genes reveal no change in the c-
myc expression, induction of the c-Ha-
ras oncogene in CBP-6 and CBP-7 cells, and increased expression of the c-
fos in CBP-6 and CBP-7 clones. The cross-resistance profiles, GSH and GST biochemistry and oncogene expression indicate that the acquired resistance to carboplatin is a complex, multifactorial process in these cells.
Proteus anguinus is a neotenic cave amphibian endemic to the Dinaric Karst and represents a symbol of Slovenian natural heritage. It is classified as 'Vulnerable' by the International Union for ...Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and is one of the EU priority species in need of strict protection. Due to inaccessibility of its natural underground habitat, scientific studies have been primarily conducted on Proteus in captivity where amphibians may be particularly susceptible to opportunistic microbial infections. In this case report, we present the results of an analysis of an individual that had been kept in captivity for 6 yr and then developed clinical symptoms, including ulcers, suggesting opportunistic microbial infection. Pigmented fungal hyphae and yeast-like cells were present in the dermis and in almost all other sampled tissues. Sampling of the ulcer allowed the isolation of a diverse array of bacterial and fungal species. We identified the water-borne, polymorphic black yeast Exophiala salmonis, an opportunistic pathogen of fish, as the cause of the primary infection. This is the first report on a fungal infection of Proteus and on cave salamanders in general.
In human larynx carcinoma cells, resistance to carboplatin (CBDCA) was induced by continuous five-day exposure of parental lines to the increasing CBDCA concentrations in culture medium, reaching the ...clinical level of 9.23 mu g/ml. Three clones were selected and characterized: CBP-3, CBP-6 and CBP-7. CBP-3 clone was 2.0-fold, CBP-6 2.1-fold, and CBP-7 2.9-fold more resistant to carboplatin. The response of these sublines to different cytostatics was compared to the response of the parental cell lines to the same drug. CBP-7 and CBP-6 clones exhibited cross-resistance to cisplatin (cis-DDP), CBP-7 clone became markedly more sensitive and CBP-3 slightly more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), CBP-6 became sensitive to etoposide (Et), CBP-6 became sensitive and CBP-7 resistant to vinblastine (VBL). Other clones did not change their sensitivity to cis-DDP, 5-FU, Et or VBL. None of the three clones did alter the sensitivity to mitomycin C, doxorubicin (Dox) or vincristine (VCR). There was no change in the growth rate. Glutathione (GHS) levels were elevated in all three clones, but the increase was significant only for CBP-7 clone. Similarly, the activity of glutathione transferase (GST) was elevated in all clones, but this increase was not significant for CBP-7 clone. The analysis of the c-myc, c-Ha-ras and c-fos genes reveal no change in the c-myc expression, induction of the c-Ha-ras oncogene in CBP-6 and CBP-7 cells, and increased expression of the c-fos in CBP-6 and CBP-7 clones. The cross-resistance profiles, GSH and GST biochemistry and oncogene expression indicate that the acquired resistance to carboplatin is a complex, multifactorial process in these cells.
