This article describes Skandia's approach to measuring Intellectual Capital. As neither ‘human capital’ nor ‘structural capital’ are represented in traditional accounting systems, Skandia developed ...their own method for capturing the true value potential of the organization with the help of two models, the Skandia Value Scheme and the Skandia Navigator.
PurposeThe threefold purpose of this paper is to reflect on the evolution and transformation of the Journal of Intellectual Capital (JIC) over the past 20 years, to project its future research ...directions, and, finally, to propose an IC ecosystem.Design/methodology/approachWe adopted a combination of a narrative and a systematic review of 700 JIC papers appearing in the journal in its entirety, from Volume 1 (2000) to Volume 20 (2019). The categorization of topics is based on the frequency of keywords in the titles of the papers.FindingsScholars have proposed four stages of intellectual capital (IC) research: definition/awareness, measurement/management, implementation/strategy, and ecosystem. Over the past 20 years, a total of 16 special issues were published in the journal. The five topics with the highest paper counts in descending order are country-specific studies, concept papers, reporting and disclosure, measurement and performance. Four issues require the researcher’s special attention: theoretical development, IC research methodology, national intellectual capital, and data collection. An IC ecosystem is proposed to invite discussion and refinement. For future research, ecosystem-oriented and interdisciplinary research are suggested. Research design aimed at achieving Sustainable Development Goals are encouraged.Research limitations/implicationsIntellectual capital research has implications for four major types of stakeholders, namely academia, government agencies, practitioners, and top management team of organizations. The major limitation of this research is that this review of twenty years of intellectual capital research is limited exclusively to the papers published in the JIC; IC papers published in relevant journals or conferences were not included.Originality/valueThis paper presents a comprehensive review of the articles published in the first 20 volumes of the JIC. The field of intellectual capital has evolved from the social construction of IC knowledge to IC knowledge diffusion and inheritance. Hopefully, a fully developed IC ecosystem will eventually emerge. IC researchers can position themselves in the IC research continuum and devise distinctive pathways to enhance their contributions to the transformation of IC research.
Although there has been an explosive interest in an intellectual capital and a thirst for information on how it might be managed, there has been little written to describe or define the concept. This ...article provides background and definition to the notion of intellectual capital and describes where and how it fits into the ‘knowledge company’. The article is written for theoreticians and practitioners alike. It is intended to provide an overview of intellectual capital, where it fits into the ‘knowledge firm’, what the component elements of it are, and what might be done to manage them. The article defines intellectual capital as well as its relationship to other elements of a knowledge company. The terms and definitions presented in this article are drawn from the experience of eight major international companies all of whom are actively managing their intellectual capital. The component elements of intellectual capital are identified, defined, and discussed. The management activities used in each of the component areas are described as are some of the techniques utilized by practitioners. Finally, there is a review of the actual practice of several major knowledge companies and how they manage their intellectual capital.
Purpose - This article aims to summarise a successful, pioneering prototyping project in Germany with IC statements, supported by the German Ministry of Labour and Economics (BMWA).Design methodology ...approach - A systematic process view method has been applied. A special impact scoring method generates a map, enabling management to determine where they should give executive priority for intellectual capital investment.Findings - Most of the participating companies would like to have a more standardized Wissensbilanz with indicators for added value in order to use the tool as a complimentary report (management report) for the purpose of external reporting as well as comparison.Originality value - The project has now inspired some 100 enterprises of different types and is now spreading outside Germany.
After posing some questions regarding the nature of intellectual capital, the paper explores IC through observing the changes in market dynamics and organizational structure. An IC growth model is ...discussed which involves visualizing IC, human capital injection, human capital transformation into structural capital, and structural capital injection.
Evolution of IC Science and Beyond Edvinsson, Leif
International journal of knowledge and systems science (Hershey, Pa.),
01/2010, Letnik:
1, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Today we are bombarded by information and news signals, including health, meteorological, and financial issues. The interpretation of many of these signals will call for a new dimension of Systems ...Science for enterprises and society, which can be called Intellectual Capital (IC) Science. This article will look into the evolution of IC Science during the past 20 years and emerging signals for its future applications.
Purpose - This study proposes a model to measure national intellectual capital that can be easily replicated for trend analysis. Key dimensions include human capital, market capital, process capital, ...renewal capital, and financial capital.Design methodology approach - With longitudinal data spanning the period from 1994 to 2005, this study compares the national intellectual capital of 40 countries based on an IC map of 29 indicators.Findings - The overall intellectual capital ranking of the five Nordic countries is: 1 Sweden, 2 Finland, (3 Switzerland), 4 Denmark, (5 USA), 6 Norway, and 7 Iceland in the 40-country list.Practical implications - The results confirm the general perception that the Nordic countries have a high degree of national intellectual capital. The research findings clarify the status of national intellectual capital of the Nordic countries, thereby providing valuable information for stakeholders and policy makers to formulate effective strategies for building sustainable national competitiveness. In order to do this, it is necessary to elaborate on the proposed IC framework and to gather relevant and valid IC indicators.Originality value - The results of this study can provide a map for the Nordic countries - and other countries - as they prepare for future challenges, such as those associated with globalization and its implications on potential wealth creation. A deeper study of why and how might be a part of forthcoming studies.
In the knowledge economy, the value of corporations is directly related to their knowledge and intellectual capital. But broaden the perspective a little wider and you begin to see the possibilities: ...Think of cities, regions, even entire nations, in addition to the public sector. If intangibles and intellectual capital are important to the private sector, they are also important to the productivity and competitiveness of the public sector, and so to communities and nations as a whole. In this book, Editors Ahmed Bounfour and Leif Edivinsson have brought together the best minds in intellectual capital throughout the world to focus on a new and fertile area of research: measuring and managing the intellectual capital of communities. This is a creative and cutting-edge area of research that has the potential to change how public sector planning and development is done. Once there is a clear way to identify where wealth is created in a given region/nation, this process has the potential to reveal a huge knowledge repository in the public sector with a significant--but idle--potential for collective wealth creation--the wealth of nations in waiting.
Purpose This article aims to summarise a successful, pioneering prototyping project in Germany with IC statements, supported by the German Ministry of Labour and Economics BMWA. ...Designmethodologyapproach A systematic process view method has been applied. A special impact scoring method generates a map, enabling management to determine where they should give executive priority for intellectual capital investment. Findings Most of the participating companies would like to have a more standardized Wissensbilanz with indicators for added value in order to use the tool as a complimentary report management report for the purpose of external reporting as well as comparison. Originalityvalue The project has now inspired some 100 enterprises of different types and is now spreading outside Germany.
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