Alpine topography is formed by a complex series of geomorphological processes that result in a vast number of different landforms. The youngest and most diverse landforms are various Quaternary ...sedimentary bodies, each characterised by its unique landform features. The formation of Quaternary sedimentary bodies and their features derive from the dominant building sedimentary processes. In recent years, studies of Quaternary sedimentary bodies and processes have been greatly aided by the use of digital elevation models (DEMs) derived by airborne laser scanning (ALS). High-resolution DEMs allow detailed mapping of sedimentary bodies, detection of surface changes, and recognition of the building sedimentary processes. DEMs are often displayed as hillshaded reliefs, the most common visualisation technique, which suffers from the limitation of a single illumination source. As a result, features can be barely visible or even invisible to the viewer if they are parallel to the light source or hidden in the shadow. These limitations become challenging when representing landforms and subtle landscape features in a diverse alpine topography. In this study, we focus on eleven visualisations of Quaternary sedimentary bodies and their sedimentary and morphological features on a 0.5 m resolution DEM. We qualitatively compare analytical hillshading with a set of visualisation techniques contained in the Raster Visualisation Toolbox software, primarily hillshading from multiple directions RGB, 8-bit sky view factor and 8-bit slope. The aim is to determine which visualisation technique is best suited for visual recognition of sedimentary bodies and sedimentation processes in complex alpine landscapes. Detailed visual examination of previously documented Pleistocene moraine and lacustrine deposits, Holocene alluvial fans, scree deposits, debris flow and fluvial deposits on the created visualisations revealed several small-scale morphological and sedimentary features that were previously difficult or impossible to detect on analytical hillshading and aerial photographs. Hillshading from multiple directions resulted in a visualisation that could be universally applied across the mountainous and hilly terrains. In contrast, 8-bit sky view factor and 8-bit slope visualisations created better visibility and facilitated interpretation of subtle and small-scale (less than ten metres) sedimentary and morphological features.
The northern slopes of the Vipava Valley are defined by a thrust front of Mesozoic carbonates over Tertiary flysch deposits. These slopes are characterized by a variety of different surface forms, ...among which recent and fossil polygenetic landslides are the most prominent mass movements. We used the height variability method as a morphometric indicator, which proved to be the most useful among the various methods for quantifying and visualizing fossil landslides. Height variability is based on the difference in elevations derived from a high-resolution lidar-derived DEM. Based on geologic field mapping and geomorphometric analysis, we distinguished two main types of movements: structurally induced movement along the fault zone and movements caused by complex Quaternary gravitational slope processes. The most pronounced element is the sliding of the huge rotational carbonate massif, which was displaced partly along older fault structures in the hinterland of fossil rock avalanches and carbonate blocks. In addition to the material properties of the lithology, the level of surface roughness also depends on the depositional processes of the individual sedimentary bodies. These were formed by complex sedimentary events and are intertwined in the geological past. The sedimentary bodies indicate two large fossil rock avalanches, while the smaller gravity blocks indicate translational–rotational slides of carbonate and carbonate breccia.
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•Investigation of stationary linear fractional differential equations as inpainting tools.•Physical motivation for introducing PDF inpainting tools and fractional ...generalizations.•Development of fast numerical algorithms for the inpainting problem.•Systematic comparison with the integer order equations.
Motivated by the fact that the fractional Laplacean generates a wider choice of the interpolation curves than the Laplacean or bi-Laplacean, we propose a new non-local partial differential equation inspired by the Cahn-Hilliard model for recovering damaged parts of an image. We also note that our model is linear and that the computational costs are lower than those for the standard Cahn-Hilliard equation, while the inpainting results remain of high quality. We develop a numerical scheme for solving the resulting equations and provide an example of inpainting showing the potential of our method.
We present a geomorphological map on a scale of 1:15,000, with detailed sedimentological descriptions, and a general relative spatio-temporal depositional reconstruction of Quaternary sediments in ...the Planica-Tamar Valley (NW Slovenia). After the Last Glacial Maximum, the retreating Quaternary glacier deposited large amounts of glacial sediments. These were followed by Holocene sediments, which differ in their sedimentological characteristics, transport mechanisms, and morphology. These sediments are deposited as sedimentary bodies with complex depositional geometries. They form areas of active, partly active, and inactive sedimentation in response to local/regional climate and bedrock geology. Previous research of the valley was mainly focused on bedrock mapping, while almost completely neglecting Quaternary deposits. This work is the first broader analysis of Quaternary sedimentary deposits in the research area, which offers an insight into the complex geomorphological and sedimentological processes, which shape the current mountainous landscape.
A conflict is an infringement of minimum separation between at least two aircraft. The model is based on these assumptions: aircraft fly on level straight line routes, only an infringement of the ...lateral separation is considered, deviations are excluded, aircraft at the same flight level fly the same average speed, and aircraft fly towards an intersection and may change direction after intersection. Hence, conflicts mainly occur owing to a loss of minimum separation between aircraft flying at the same flight level. Calculation of average number of potential conflicts is designated for long time interval; hence, aircraft velocity deviations are negligible. The mathematical model in this paper is intended to compare different alternatives of intersection configuration of air traffic services routes. The comparison is based on the results: an average number of potential conflicts per hour on intersection of routes, index of conflicts intensity, and intersection capacity.
We generalize results concerning averaged controllability on fractional type equations: system of fractional ODEs and the fractional diffusion equation. The proofs are accomplished by introducing ...appropriate Banach space in which we prove observability inequalities.
We consider a Dirichlet-Neumann boundary problem in a bounded domain for scalar conservation laws. We construct an approximate solution to the problem via an elliptic approximation for which, under ...appropriate assumptions, we prove that the corresponding limit satisfies the considered equation in the interior of the domain. The basic tool is the compensated compactness method. We also provide numerical examples.
This paper deals with physiological factors that can easily affect a pilot performance and have negative impact on the flight safety. Our research focuses on the observation of pilot-student's flying ...abilities during changing conditions for flight tasks in flight simulation training device in order to avoid pilot students' bad decision making caused by uncomfortable conditions for the flight. Pilot error statistics related to the impact of physiologic factors on pilot performance help us to predict which stressors are the most dangerous for flight tasks and they help indeed pilot-students to react properly and make the right decisions in different crisis situations.
The Rebrnice area in the Upper Vipava Valley, SW Slovenia, is covered by Quaternary slope deposits that are very complex in their genesis and composition. Some of the sediments are deposited in the ...form of heterogeneously composed fossil landslides. One of these landslides in the Rebrnice area is the Lozice fossil landslide located above the village of Lozice. Analysis of this landslide includes geological mapping of the fossil landslide, classifiation of different sedimentary facies, 3-D modelling of the landslide, and transverse and longitudinal cross-sections. The geological mapping of the fossil landslide is based on fild work mapping and analysis of shaded digital terrain models (DTMs) with a resolution of 1 × 1 m obtained by airborne laser scanning. Lithological data from boreholes and excavation trenches have been classifid into eight specifi sediment facies that had been defied in previous studies. The 3-D model of the landslide was made using the ArcScene application in the program ESRI ArcGIS. For each sediment facies, a surface was made in the form of a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), which gave us a wireframe object. TIN nets were merged in Multipatch objects and exported to 3-D Analyst, where a 3-D model was created. In addition, a shaded DTM image was added for a better placement of the 3-D model in space. Previous fidings indicate that deposition of fossil landslides in the Rebrnice area was inflenced by palaeotopography. Based on borehole data, transverse and longitudinal cross-sections of the fossil landslide were made and indicate concave depressions under the Lozice fossil landslide. Analysis of the Lozice fossil landslide indicates its complex structure of intertwined heterogeneous sedimentary facies.
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