The aim of this paper is to synthesize and analyze existing evidence on Internet of Things smart devices, industrial artificial intelligence, and real-time sensor networks in sustainable ...cyber-physical production systems. Using and replicating data from Capgemini, Deloitte, Ericsson, Management Events, MHI, PAC, and PwC, we performed analyses and made estimates regarding cyber-physical production networks in Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Descriptive statistics of compiled data from the completed surveys were calculated when appropriate.
Meteorological conditions significantly affect air traffic safety and can also affect a pre-planned flight plan. Difficult meteorological conditions are particularly hazardous during take-off and ...landing procedures. Still, they can also cause disruptions to air traffic by causing, for example, delays to air traffic or diversion of aircraft to other airports. From the airlines’ point of view, such situations are not beneficial if flights are diverted to other airports due to reduced visibility at the airport caused by fog and haze. For flight operations, a popular navigation system with a precision approach is the ILS, which has several categories enabling an approach even in adverse meteorological conditions. However, not every airport has a high-category ILS, and setting up such navigation equipment is lengthy and costly. The main objective of this article is to analyze the impact of meteorological conditions, particularly visibility, on the possibility of performing flight procedures with different ILS categories. The study was designed to quantify the limitations associated with meteorological conditions with specific ILS equipment at a given airport. The research questions for this study include the following: What were the meteorological conditions in terms of visibility? What impact did the visibility parameter have on the performance of landing operations at the airport under study? Can an indication of the probability of stopping landing operations be important in recommendations for scheduling airline flights to avoid delays? Three airports were selected for the analysis: Warsaw Chopin Airport, Warsaw Modlin Mazowiecki Airport, and Krakow John Paul II Airport. The analysis was based on approximately 52,000 METAR dispatches in 2019 and 2022. The research indicated during which periods landing procedures were most frequently halted and calculated such a change with a different category of ILS. For the Kraków Airport, the probability of stopping landing procedures in any month was calculated, along with recommendations for flight schedule planning for this airport. The research results can be used to better plan airline flight schedules, avoiding hours with a high probability of reduced visibility, which may result in rerouting flights to another airport. Long-term low clouds and reduced visibility affect the safety of operations but also cause delays.
The present and future challenges of commercial air transport industry requiremaintaining growth trends in air traffic and at the same time easing congestion in theskies without compromising high ...safety standards. This all leads to natural evolution ofthe aircraft cockpit environment. The progress starts now with implementation of headupdisplays, airport moving maps, interactive electronic checklists, enhanced visionusing infrared cameras to enable night time vision and synthetic 3-D vision systems. Inthe future, technology development will continue with I4D operations, digital taxi realtimeuplink of the cleared taxi route via Controller-Pilot Data Link Communication andmuch more. These modern cockpit features and their necessary future upgrades enablepilots to capitalize on their strengths and help them manage their weaknesses.Information from these systems are presented to the pilots in transparent manner whichmakes their decision-making process more efficient and safer, especially under stress.Taking into consideration future trends in the cockpit environment, the growth of the airtransport and safety requirements, it is necessary to review the role of pilots. Aviation isa sphere where progress and continuous innovation is inevitable. Therefore, it isnecessary to keep up with the evolution and adapt also the pilot training and education.Many major world top rated airlines have already implemented for example evidencebasedtrainings as they realized that the role of the pilot in the cockpit is changing. Thebasic pilot skills are essential but in today’s air transport operation we also need totake into account that pilots need to have certain managerial skills and thereforebalance the training accordingly to make it more efficient. Whether we like it or not, thetimes of visual approaches and manual flying, especially in big commercial operations,are slowly disappearing. We need to understand this progress and adjust the structureof the pilot training accordingly to be able to deliver the best level of safety efficiency.The paper also deals with the use of portable multimedia devices for VFR flights. Itexplains the basic terms concerning the use of portable electronic devices on-boardaircraft. It analyses the relevant international and national legislation for the use ofportable electronic devices on-board aircraft. It includes a survey of the availabledevices, accessories and software on the market. An analysis and comparison of thedevices, based on their technical specifications is included as well. The paper also dealswith various aspects of the use of portable multimedia devices for a flight school. Itreviews the whole process of selecting a suitable operating system, device, accessoriesand software with an example of calculation of the required financial expenses.A comparison of the devices based on the battery life in relation to the selected aircraftis also included. Furthermore, the paper considers the mounting options of the devicesin the cockpit, points out to required changes in the operational procedures within theflight school and highlights the potential assets which application of portable electronicdevices brings.
This manuscript deals with the detection of internal cracks and defects in aeronautical fibreglass structures. In technical practice, it is problematic to accurately determine the service life or ...MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) of composite materials by the methods used in metallic materials. The problem is mainly the inhomogeneous and anisotropic structure of composites, possibly due to the differences in the macrostructure during production, production processes, etc. Diagnostic methods for detecting internal cracks and damage are slightly different, and in practice, it is more difficult to detect defects using non-destructive testing (NDT). The article deals with the use of Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology integrated in the fibreglass laminates of aircraft structures to detect internal defects based on deformation behaviour of passive RFID tag antenna. The experiments proved the potential of using RFID technology in fibreglass composite laminates when using tensile tests applied on specimens with different structural properties. Therefore, the implementation of passive RFID tags into fibreglass composite structures presents the possibilities of detecting internal cracks and structural health monitoring. The result and conclusion of the basic research is determination of the application conditions for our proposed technology in practice. Moreover, the basic research provides recommendations for the applied research in terms of the use in real composite airframe structures.
In this article, we propose the parameters of a battery that would be suitable for the conceptual design of a small training aircraft. The mass design of the battery is based on the requirements for ...real training flights performed by students in pilot training. Such a serial hybrid propulsion aircraft could be used in our UNIZA aviation, training and education center for pilot training. Due to socio-political pressures in reducing emissions generated by vehicles, there has also been massive research in the aviation industry in the field of hybrid and electric aircraft propulsion. In the introduction, the article deals with the energy sources used in aircraft propulsion. In hybrid propulsion, a combination of aviation fuel and electricity is used as the energy source. The required total energy must choose a suitable combination of these two energy sources. The biggest drawback of batteries that can be used in hybrid systems is their low energy density. Low energy density means that larger and heavier batteries need to be used to achieve the required performance, which is their main disadvantage. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable compromise between the hybrid’s percentage, i.e., the ratio between conventional and electric drive. We applied the hybrid aircraft system’s calculations to the real training flights to determine the necessary parameters of the hybrid aircraft suitable for pilot training. This calculation will help in obtaining an idea of the basic parameters of the hybrid drive and the battery parameters, which are necessary for particular applications in the training aircraft. The performed calculations of the hybrid configuration and, especially, the determination of the battery of the hybrid propulsion parameters provide the basic information necessary for the design of the hybrid system of a small training aircraft. These outputs can be used to determine the parameters of batteries that would be used in hybrid systems. A limiting factor to consider with hybrid aircrafts is that the aircraft must be charged on the ground before the flight, which poses interesting logistical and infrastructure problems at the airport.
The paper analyses the Radio Direction Finding principlefor navigation and swveillance system. Radio Direction Findinginvolves locating the bearing of a transmitter called a radiobeacon. A radio ...beacon's signal is received aboard a vehicle bya device called radio direction finder (RDF). The navigatorturns the antenna of the radio direction finder to find the directionof the radio beacon. The RDF shows when the antenna ispointing towards the beacon. Radio direction finding is one ofthe oldest electronic navigation systems for aircraft and ships. Itis generally used as a piloting aid along coastal waters. Therange of a radio direction finding signal depends on the type ofradio beacon.
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•Radiation hardness of three holder types against 5 MeV electrons was investigated.•The holder radiation stability and the detector radiation hardness were compared.•Safe dose limit ...for all holder types was determined to be 500 kGy.•The best radiation stability was achieved by self-made holder from Al2O3 ceramics.
In our radiation hardness studies we observed that SI GaAs detectors irradiated by 5 MeV electrons exhibited different behaviour with applied dose when considering their electrical and spectrometric properties. The detectors were prepared by the same technology using one GaAs wafer differing in the type of holder used to wire-bond the detectors. In this paper the commercially available detector holders together with self-prepared ones were irradiated by 5 MeV electrons under the same conditions as the investigated detectors before. Three types of detector holders were studied to evaluate their radiation hardness: holders prepared on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB), Poly-Vinyl-Chloride (PVC) holders and two different ceramic holders. The best radiation stability was obtained with a holder self-made from aluminium oxide ceramics using gold metallization. The PCB and the PVC holders exhibited similar radiation stability. The most unstable at doses over 500 kGy was the holder made by silk-screen printing technology from ceramics with silver metallization. No significant influence of the dose rate used during irradiation (in the range from 20 to 80 kGy/h) was observed in all types of holders.
Aerodynamic modelling currently relates to development of mathematical models to describe the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the aircraft. It is a challenging part of aerodynamics that ...defines a comprehensive approach to using traditional methods and modern techniques to obtain relevant data. The most complicated task for the aerodynamics and flight dynamics is definition, computation and quantification of the aerodynamic description of an object. This paper presents how to determine the aerodynamic load on a gyrocopter and defines the effect on its stability and control. The first step to solution is to develop simpler approximate aerodynamic model - a model that can be used in analysis of aerodynamic load and can represent the aerodynamic properties of the gyrocopter with an acceptable degree of accuracy. Control and stability are very important parts of aircraft characteristics and therefore those characteristics were analyzed in simulation. Finally, the aerodynamic data outputs are assessed in terms of impact of aerodynamic loads on stability and control of the gyrocopter model.
In the current world of increasing density of unmanned aerial vehicle operations in the airspace, there is an enhanced emphasis on their safety due to the potential for mid-air collision, either with ...another aircraft or with each other. At the same time, unmanned aerial vehicles are also being used in the context of introducing smart technologies into maintenance processes, where there is also a need to prevent a potentially possible conflict when two drones come close together. The paper introduces a mathematical model for tactical prediction of a conflict between a pair of drones. The tactical prediction of drone conflict is intended to alert the drone operator to an immediate potentially dangerous situation. The mathematical simulation in this paper extrapolates the 3D trajectory in the direction of the relative velocity vector of the convergence over the advance time. If the extrapolated trajectory has at least one point in common with the conflict space of the other drone, the conflict is signalled to the drone operator. This model can then be used in practice to simulate flight operations in shared airspace or to develop the currently required rules in selected situations.
The new progressive smart technologies announced in the fourth industrial revolution in aviation—Aviation 4.0—represent new possibilities and big challenges in aircraft maintenance processes. The ...main benefit of these technologies is the possibility to monitor, transfer, store, and analyze huge datasets. Based on analysis outputs, there is a possibility to improve current preventive maintenance processes and implement predictive maintenance processes. These solutions lower the downtime, save manpower, and extend the components’ lifetime; thus, the maximum effectivity and safety is achieved. The article deals with the possible implementation of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with an infrared camera and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as two of the smart hangar technologies for airframe condition monitoring. The presented implementations of smart technologies follow up the specific results of a case study focused on trainer aircraft failure monitoring and its impact on maintenance strategy changes. The case study failure indexes show the critical parts of aircraft that are subjected to damage the most. The aim of the article was to justify the need for thorough monitoring of critical parts of the aircraft and then analyze and propose a more effective and the most suitable form of technical condition monitoring of aircraft critical parts. The article describes the whole process of visual inspection performed by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with an IR camera and its related processes; in addition, it covers the possible usage of RFID tags as a labeling tool supporting the visual inspection. The implementations criteria apply to the repair and overhaul small aircraft maintenance organization, and later, it can also increase operational efficiency. The final suggestions describe the possible usage of proposed solutions, their main benefits, and also the limitations of their implementations in maintenance of trainer aircraft.
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