Abstract
In salmon aquaculture, the sustainable management of salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is limited by the adaptive capacity of the parasite. This is evident in the repeated evolution of ...pesticide resistance in the salmon louse population. To better prepare for resistance, we constructed a numerical metapopulation model that predicts the evolutionary dynamics of lice across an interconnected farm network. This model integrates within-farm population dynamics and between-farm louse dispersal, the latter using outputs from a state-of-the-art particle-tracking model. Distinct from previous metapopulation models, it also simulates spatial and temporal genetic variation arising from selection. The model was parameterized to simulate the evolution of resistance to the pesticide azamethiphos on farms in southern Norway. It successfully reproduced the rapid (within 10 years) evolution of azamethiphos resistance following extensive delousing treatments. It also identified strong spatial patterns in resistance, with regions of high farm connectivity being potential hotspots of louse adaptation. Rates of infestation and evolution were significantly reduced when highly connected farms were excluded from the simulation, compared to when low-connectivity or random sites were excluded. This model can be a valuable tool for coordinating pest management at a regional scale, in a way that slows or prevents the spread of resistance.
Disease is caused by a complex interaction between the pathogen, environment, and the physiological status of the host. Determining how host ontogeny interacts with water temperature to influence the ...antiviral response of the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, is a major goal in understanding why juvenile Pacific oysters are dying during summer as a result of the global emergence of a new genotype of the Ostreid herpesvirus, termed OsHV-1 μvar. We measured the effect of temperature (12 vs 22 °C) on the antiviral response of adult and juvenile C. gigas injected with poly I:C. Poly I:C up-regulated the expression of numerous immune genes, including TLR, MyD88, IκB-1, Rel, IRF, MDA5, STING, SOC, PKR, Viperin and Mpeg1. At 22 °C, these immune genes showed significant up-regulation in juvenile and adult oysters, but the majority of these genes were up-regulated 12 h post-injection for juveniles compared to 26 h for adults. At 12 °C, the response of these genes was completely inhibited in juveniles and delayed in adults. Temperature and age had no effect on hemolymph antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). These results suggest that oysters rely on a cellular response to minimise viral replication, involving recognition of virus-associated molecular patterns to induce host cells into an antiviral state, as opposed to producing broad-spectrum antiviral compounds. This cellular response, measured by antiviral gene expression of circulating hemocytes, was influenced by temperature and oyster age. We speculate whether the vigorous antiviral response of juveniles at 22 °C results in an immune-mediated disorder causing mortality.
•We investigate the immune response of Crassostrea gigas against poly I:C.•Poly I:C induces expression of TLR, MDA-5, Rel, IRF, STING, PKR, Viperin.•Hemolymph anti-HSV-1 activity is not induced by poly I:C.•Temperature and host ontogeny influence the oyster's antiviral response.•Juvenile oysters at 22 °C respond vigorously to poly I:C.
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Protecting The Vulnerable Coles-Kemp, Lizzie; Robinson, Nick; Heath, Claude P. R.
Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction,
11/11, Letnik:
6, Številka:
CSCW2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
A successful digital society is, in part, predicated on people having secure access to digitally-delivered services when they need it. It has long been recognised that parts of society are not able ...to access digital services without assistance, often as a result of economic precarity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of third and voluntary sector organisations in providing assisted digital access has come to the fore. As access to essential everyday services moved to digital-only and family and friendship networks of support became disrupted by the pandemic, for many, voluntary and third sector organisations were the source of digital assistance to claim welfare, pay bills, take part in education and purchase food. Our study explores the types of assisted digital access that voluntary and third sector organisations have provided thus far during the COVID-19 pandemic. We capture the dimensions of this assistance and evaluate the steps such organisations take to ensure that this access is safe for both the assister and assisted. From these findings we set out a security strategy with supporting design principles that combines digital security with human security in a security approach we term 'positive-first'.
Referring to the well-replicated finding that the presence of to-be-ignored sound disrupts short-term memory for serially-presented visual items, the irrelevant sound effect (ISE) is an important ...benchmark finding within cognitive psychology. The ISE has proven useful in evaluating the structure, function and development of short-term memory. This preregistered report focused on a methodological examination of the paradigm typically used to study the ISE and sought to determine whether the ISE can be reliably studied using the increasingly popular method of online testing. Comparing Psychology students tested online, in-person and participants from an online panel, results demonstrated successful reproduction of the key signature effects of auditory distraction (the changing-state effect and the steady-state effect), albeit smaller effects with the online panel. Our results confirmed the viability of online data collection for auditory distraction research and provided important insights for the accumulation and maintenance of high data quality in internet-based experimentation.
Each summer Adélie penguins breed in large disjunct colonies on ice‐free areas around the Antarctic continent. Comprising > 10 million birds, this species represents a dominant feature of the ...Antarctic ecosystem. The patchy distribution within a large geographical range, natal philopatry and a probable history of refugia, suggest that this species is likely to exhibit significant genetic differentiation within and among colonies. We present data from seven microsatellite DNA loci for 442 individuals from 13 locations around the Antarctic continent. With the exception of one locus, there was no significant genic or genotypic heterogeneity across populations. Pairwise FST values were low with no value > 0.02. When all colonies were compared in a single analysis, the overall FST value was 0.0007. Moreover, assignment tests were relatively ineffective at correctly placing individuals into their respective collection sites. These data reveal a lack of genetic differentiation between Adélie penguin colonies around the Antarctic continent, despite substantial levels of genetic variation. We consider this homogeneity in terms of the dispersal of individuals among colonies and the size of breeding groups and discuss our results in terms of the glacial history of Antarctica.
The European investment bank Robinson, Nick
Journal of common market studies,
06/2009, Letnik:
47, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The European Investment Bank is the largest multilateral lender in the world, facilitating total spending which is equivalent to the total of the EU budget. Its activity thus has a potentially huge ...effect on EU policy-making, yet research to date has failed to recognize this. This article addresses this, offering detailed empirical analysis and re-evaluating debates on multi-level governance. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers
Aquaculture producers' desire animals that are better able to tolerate and survive stress, but selecting animals with these traits is hampered by a lack of reliable stress indicators in aquatic ...organisms. Here we undertake a preliminary study to explore behavioural response, in terms of distance travelled, under differing stress histories, in greenlip abalone Haliotis laevigata. Movement trials were performed on labelled abalone of known pedigree relationships by measuring distance and direction travelled in a grid marked slab tank with unidirectional current. Animal and sire models were fitted to the data using a Markov chain Monte Carlo multi trait generalised linear mixed effect model. Distance travelled with respect to water flow was found to be influenced by stress inflicted by sampling tentacles either immediately prior to the movement trial, or inflicted >24hours prior to the trial (P<0.05), while distance travelled from the starting grid (not direction) was significantly affected by stress inflicted >24hours prior to the movement trials (P<0.05), which may be indicative of a delayed or accumulated stress response. There was no evidence that abalone size (length or weight), or the accumulated effects of handling, influenced the distance travelled or direction. The narrow sense heritability of distance and direction travelled was low (0.05 and 0.07 respectively), but significantly greater than zero (95% Bayesian confidence intervals of 0.02–0.16 and 0.03–0.18 respectively), while that of weight and length were moderate to high (>0.4). Parental origin affected distance travelled, such that progeny with parents whose ancestors were selected for faster growth rate for 3 generations, moved longer distances. This difference between animals with different parental origins was exacerbated by stress. The results suggest that behaviour could be a good indicator of some forms of stress.
► We examined movement in abalone subjected to different stress histories. ► Stress affects distance travelled in a grid marked slab tank. ► Distance moved is a heritable trait. ► Parental origin is associated with distance travelled.
Oyster farming is one of the most important aquaculture industries in the world. However, its productivity is increasingly limited by viral disease and we do not yet have management practices, such ...as protective vaccination, that can control these disease outbreaks. Hence, in the current study we investigated the expression of known anti-viral genes in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in response to primary and secondary encounter with a virus associated molecular pattern (dsRNA), and tested whether a common form of epigenetic gene regulation (DNA methylation) was associated with the expression of these anti-viral genes. Injection of dsRNA into the adductor muscle resulted in the rapid and transient expression of virus recognition receptors (TLR & MDA5), whereas several anti-viral signalling (IRF & SOC-1) and effector (PKR & viperin) genes were still up-regulated at one week post primary challenge (p < 0.05). This primary encounter with dsRNA appeared to deplete the immune system because anti-viral gene induction was absent in the gills when oysters were given a second injection of dsRNA at 1-week post-primary injection. The expression of DNA methylation genes (DNMT1, DNMT3b, TDG, TET2) and DNA methylation profiles up-stream of specific anti-viral genes (STING, SOC-1 & Viperin) did not change in response to dsRNA injection (p > 0.05). These results collectively suggest that C. gigas does not have an enhanced anti-viral gene response (immune-priming) to secondary dsRNA challenge and that the sustained up-regulation of anti-viral signalling and effector genes following primary challenge is unlikely to be associated with upstream DNA methylation levels.
•Injection of dsRNA results in a systemic anti-viral response in the oyster.•Pathogen Recognition Receptors have a rapid and transient response to dsRNA challenge.•Signalling and anti-viral effectors are elevated for seven days after dsRNA challenge.•No evidence of enhanced anti-viral gene expression upon secondary challenge with dsRNA.•DNA methylation levels immediately up-stream of specific anti-viral genes did not change in response to dsRNA injection.
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