Stress constitutes a risk factor for diseases where the immune system plays a significant role. Stress is recognized as a possible trigger for flare ups during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). ...The disclosure to the patient of the diagnosis of MS, the commencement of immunomodulatory therapy, and the unpredictability and vagaries of disease progression are all sources of stress. Biological stress systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system and the sympathetic nervous system may influence the pathogenesis and the disease course of MS. The ability to cope with stress may also be impaired, mediated for example by cognitive deficits or loss of abilities and resources as disease progresses or by the high prevalence of concurrent mood disturbances such as depression and chronic fatigue. Psychiatric comorbidities of MS disease or therapy as well as impairments of coping strategies are underrecognized in clinical practice. Treatment plans for depression among MS patients, as the most common psychiatric comorbidity, should be individualized with integrated approaches. Antidepressants are effective for the treatment of depression in MS patients although further clinical research into the neurobiological and psychological bases of depressive disorders in MS patients is clearly needed. In therapy, coping strategies can be enhanced through multidisciplinary assessment of the various challenges and restrictions imposed by the disease and assisting and supporting the patient in addressing these. Exercise, as a form of positive stress (eustress), also has a role in therapy.
The Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period in Northwest and Central Europe is marked by the emergence of monumental tumuli with lavish burials, some of which are known as chieftain's or princely graves. ...This new burial rite reflects one of the most noteworthy developments in Early Iron Age Europe: the rise of a new and elaborate way of elite representation north of the Alps. These sumptuous burials contain beautiful weaponry, bronze vessels and extravagantly decorated wagons and horse-gear. They reflect long-distance connections in material culture and elite (burial) practices across the breadth of Northwest and Central Europe. Research into this period, however, tends to be regionally focused and poorly accessible to scholars from other areas - language barriers in particular are a hindering factor. In an attempt to overcome this, Connecting Elites and Regions brings together scholars from several research traditions and nations who present regional overviews and discussions of elite burials and material culture from all over Northwest and Central Europe. In many cases these are the first overviews available in English and together they make regional research accessible to a wider audience. As such this volume contributes to and hopes to stimulate research on the Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period on a European scale.
Dieser Beitrag widmet sich Georg ‚Gogo‘ Müller-Kuales (1905–1945), der kurz nach Einrichtung des Instituts für Vorgeschichte und Germanische Frühgeschichte im Jahr 1934 an der Universität Hamburg bis ...zu seinem Tod 1945 als wissenschaftlicher Assistent tätig war. Nachdem in den letzten Jahrzehnten zahlreiche Aspekte der Fachgeschichte der Vor- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie untersucht und insbesondere die Biographien und Karrieren wichtiger Protagonisten dieser Zeit, zumeist Professoren, nachgezeichnet worden sind, scheint es lohnenswert, auch den wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs dieser Phase der Fachgeschichte weiter ins Blickfeld zu rücken, um so ein gesamtheitlicheres Bild des Fachs im Nationalsozialismus zeichnen zu können. Einen Beitrag hierzu bildet die Auswertung von Archivalien und Schriften über Georg ‚Gogo‘ Müller-Kuales, die einige interessante Aspekte zur Person und seiner Arbeitsweise, aber auch zum Universitätsalltag im Nationalsozialismus und dem Zweiten Weltkrieg darlegen und somit die Fachgeschichte in dieser Zeit reflektieren.
This paper deals with Georg ‚Gogo‘ Müller-Kuales (1905–1945), who was assistant professor at the newly established institute for prehistoric archaeology and Germanic archaeology at Hamburg University ...until his death in 1945. As research on the history of prehistoric archaeology in Germany has dealt with many different topics as well as biographies and careers of important archaeologists in the Third Reich it seems worthwhile, to investigate the scientific youth as well. This approach allows to draw a more complete picture of prehistoric archaeology in national socialist Germany and can therefor contribute to a better understanding of the history of prehistoric archaeology. Based on archival sources and publications by Georg Müller-Kuales this paper investigates his biography, his way of performing archaeology, his tasks at the institute, his research his political background, his work abroad in the context of the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg and therefor tries to generate an overall picture of a young scholar in the Third Reich.
The Bronze Age is a time of increasing interaction with large-scale connections that cover vast parts of Europe. Some parts and regions of the Bronze Age are very well explored and for some very ...strong narratives of hierarchisation and differentiation, dependence on external raw material supplies and specialisation have been proposed. In other regions, however, only some of these aspects appear, even though networks of contact would at least have been possible. This is the case in the Baltic area, where western and eastern regions show dramatic differences in subsistence, the amounts of metal produced and deposited (and therefore presumably the social role of metal), the settlement pattern and scale of social groups. A particularly interesting question is the intensity of culture contact that the eastern Baltic regions entertained across the sea with Scandinavia and also with directly neighbouring continental regions. This volume brings together scholars from all regions around the Baltic Sea to discuss different aspects of Bronze Age interactions. It offers a perspective on regional and interregional connectivity and exchange beyond the usual large-scale models discussed in Bronze Age archaeology and includes both case studies of individual regions or finds categories and broader overview papers focusing on the diversity of interconnections − and their sometimes striking absence.
The enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) ranks as one of the most remarkable glucocorticoid-inducible vertebrate genes. However, little is known about the responsible DNA elements and the mode of ...glucocorticoid action. This is especially the case for the induction of GS in hepatoma cells. In the work presented, the rat hepatoma cell line FAO was used as a model to study the induction of GS under the influence of glucocorticoids. FAO cells do not show GS activity in the absence of glucocorticoids and are strongly responding to their presence. Analyzing sequences of several thousand base pairs upstream and downstream from the transcriptional start point of the GS gene, a glucocorticoid responsible element was identified within the first intron of the gene. However, evidence is presented that aside from a primary effect on transcription glucocorticoids mediate their effect on the expression of GS also at the posttranscriptional level.
In diesem Beitrag wird erstmals ein im Rahmen einer Aufsammlung 2010 und einer anschließenden Ausgrabung 2012 geborgenes spätbronze-/urnenfelderzeitliches Fundensemble einer breiteren fachlichen ...Öffentlichkeit vorgestellt und einer ersten wissenschaftlichen Auswertung unterzogen. Die Entdeckung von einigen Bronzeobjekten bei Bauarbeiten im Jahre 2010 in Wupping bei Tarsdorf führte zu einer archäologischen Nachuntersuchung 2012, bei der weitere Einzelfunde geborgen sowie die wenigen Überreste von drei Bestattungen dokumentiert werden konnten. Das Fundmaterial setzt sich neben einigen weiteren Objekten aus zahlreichen Funden zusammen, bei denen es sich wohl um Wagenbronzen handelt, einigen Waffen in Form von Schwertern und Lanzen sowie Armringen. Da die vermutlich als Wagenbronzen zu bezeichnenden Funde alle ohne Fundzusammenhang angetroffen wurden, kann nicht entschieden werden, ob es sich bei diesem Ensemble um die Überreste eines spätbronze-/urnenfelderzeitlichen Wagengrabes oder aber um ein sogenanntes Grabdepot handelt. In jedem Fall wird man die Funde von Tarsdorf im Kontext der Hart an der Alz-Gruppe und anderen Funden von Wagen der Spätbronze-/Urnenfelderzeit diskutieren müssen. Die direkte Nähe zum 1924 entdeckten Fund von Staudach zeigt neben anderen Komplexen, dass es sich bei den Funden von Tarsdorf um keine isolierten Funde im Innviertel handelt. Vielmehr deutet sich mit den Funden von Tarsdorf und anderen Fundplätzen in dieser Region die Partizipation an großräumigen Netzwerken und Austauschbeziehungen in der späten Bronzezeit an. Die Neuentdeckungen von Tarsdorf sind dabei im Kontext einer wiederauflebenden Archäologie im westlichen Oberösterreich zu sehen, einer archäologisch lange Zeit vernachlässigten Region, die nun wieder stärkere Beachtung findet.
This paper offers the first presentation and analysis of Late Bronze Age/Urnfield period finds from Tarsdorf in Upper Austria. In 2010, several bronze artefacts came to light during construction work, leading to an archaeological excavation in 2012. These investigations unearthed further bronze objects as well as the remnants of three Late Bronze Age burials. The material includes finds that can be interpreted as construction elements of a wagon, several weapons (swords and spears), and arm rings. As the wagon bronzes were all encountered without context, it is unclear whether they derive from a destroyed wagon grave or a non-funerary structure. In either case the assemblage needs to be discussed in the context of Late Bronze Age wagons like those of the so-called Hart an der Alz-group. A comparable find made nearby at Staudach in 1924 shows, among other sites, that such finds are not unexpected in this region. In fact, the finds from Tarsdorf and other sites indicate the participation of this region in the large scale networks and exchange patterns of the Late Bronze Age. The renewed intensification of archaeological work in western Upper Austria will hopefully lead to this long-neglected region playing its due role in the wider discussions of such phenomena.
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