Hand burns are among the most common burns due to the fact that they are, apart from the face, most exposed to fire, and they are also used to protect the face against a severe trauma from fire. ...Although hand burns are relatively small with regard to the total body surface area affected, the severity of the damage goes beyond the affected area. Initial treatment is conservative, followed by surgical management. For deep burns, surgical treatment is required between three to five days after the trauma. There are different options for reconstruction of the necrotising tissue according to the principles of the reconstructive ladder
The article describes typical folkloric- and ethnographic-related burns/scalds in Slovenia. All of the mentioned burns/scalds derive from the life of a nation, and are primarily a result of specific ...customs, traditions and activities carried out in a rural environment. Prolonged periods of lying on a hot tiled wood burner results in deep contact burns. The preparation work for pig slaughtering ('koline') is dangerous due to the large quantities of boiling water required for the slaughter process and meat production technology. Distilling spirits in an improvised domestic setting is another cause of burns/scalds, as the production of spirits is carried out in several stages with a high risk of burn trauma in the event of negligence. These types of burns/scalds occur in rural farming areas. Such injuries are most often ignored and patients, children excepted, do not seek medical help until later, after they have completed their activity. Due to aggressive thermal agents, these are deep burns that often require specialist surgical care with long-term treatment. Results are evaluated on the basis of a tenyear statistical and clinical experience. Incidence of the aforementioned burns is considerably lower today than it was in the past due to national prevention measures and new European legislation on energy and agriculture. In the future, we expect these distinctive burns/scalds to become a rarity.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a second-draft guidance in August 1999 on the subject of in vivo bioequivalence, which is based on the concepts of individual and population ...bioequivalence (IBE and PBE, respectively). The intention of this guidance is to replace the 1992 guidance that requires that in vivo bioequivalence be demonstrated by average bioequivalence (ABE). Although the concepts of population and individual bioequivalence are intuitively reasonable, a detailed review of the literature has not uncovered clinical evidence to justify the additional burden to the innovator and generic companies as well as the consumer that the new guidelines would impose. The criteria for bioequivalence described in the draft guidance employ aggregate statistics that combine information about differences in bioavailability between formulation means and differences in bioavailability variation of formulations between and within subjects. The purely technical aspects of the statistical approach are reasonably sound. However, PhRMA believes that important operational issues remain that need to be resolved before any changes to current practice are implemented. PhRMA believes that the ideals of prescribability and switchability are intuitively reasonable, but it is uncertain of the extent to which the proposed guidance can achieve these goals. It is not clear whether the attainment of such goals is necessary in the evaluation of bioequivalence given the role this plays in drug development, and the lack of clinical evidence argues against a pressing need to change current practice. PhRMA is concerned that the trade-off offered by the aggregate criteria may ultimately represent more harm than good to the public interest. PhRMA recommends more rigorous evaluation of methods based on two-way crossover designs before moving to methods that require more complex designs. One such method is identified herein and contains procedures for estimating prescribability and switchability. The possibility of a phase-in or trial period to collect replicate crossover data to further evaluate IBE and PBE and possibly allow market access based on these criteria as they are being evaluated has been proposed. PhRMA believes this is unprecedented and will offer little additional information beyond that which can be obtained by simulation or has already been collected by the FDA. Simulation studies have the advantage of allowing evaluation of the sensitivity of various procedures to represent the data patterns as created within the simulation. Operating characteristics by which proposed criteria can be adequately judged have not yet been defined. The limitations of ABE for highly variable drugs and narrow therapeutic drugs are well appreciated and may be addressed by means other than a wholesale change in the current criteria.
The antiarrhythmic effect of nadolol, a long-acting, nonselective beta antagonist without intrinsic sympathomimetic or membrane-stabilizing properties, was evaluated in 36 patients with ventricular ...dysrhythmias as determined by three baseline 24-hour Holter recordings at a time when subjects were receiving placebo. Nadolol was administered once daily at a dose of 40 to 80 mg and increased at weekly intervals to a maximum daily dose of 640 mg. Thereafter the drug was stopped gradually and placebo was given again for a period of 2 weeks. Nadolol was effective in reducing premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in 17 of 36 patients (48%), in reducing ventricular couplets in 24 of 27 patients (89%), and in reducing nonsustained runs of ventricular tachycardia in all 13 subjects. Serum nadolol levels obtained at dosages resulting in a 75% reduction in PVCs varied from 58 to 853 ng/ml. In the majority of the subjects studied, a nadolol dosage of 160 mg/day or less was effective for arrhythmia suppression.
Uranyl Ion Coordination Edwards, John O.; Stritar, Jeffrey A.
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
1963-Dec-27, Letnik:
142, Številka:
3600
Journal Article
Recenzirano
With a noncomplexing anion such as perchlorate ion, the uranyl ion coordinates to five monodentate oxygen ligands. The relation of this observation to the work of Evans is discussed.
The general requirements of public information are stipulated in EU and IAEA documents. During the emergency exercises Slovenian authorities gained experience how to provide timely and accurate ...information to the population in the emergency planning zone and to other population in Slovenia. In the future a dialogue should be established between the authorities and the public during an emergency, and not only one-way information flow. The response of the public in relation to the information provided should be constantly monitored and the need for additional information should be addressed without undue delay.
Diagnostic methodologies for nuclear power plants (NPPs) are usually based on mathematical models and generation of residuals. To avoid complicated, time-consuming, and costly diagnostic simulations ...of the physical phenomena in NPPs, an algorithm that determines a significant pattern for major transients is investigated. Coefficients of the transfer function between the observed parameters are used as the pattern features. The algorithm uses a recurring least-squares method known from the literature to determine the transfer functions. The case study includes 30 different scenarios in the primary and secondary systems. Each scenario produces its own significant recognized pattern. The RELAP5/MOD3.2 code is used to simulate the input data for the Krsko pressurized water reactor NPP. The algorithm recognizes the prepared scenarios, and it classifies them into groups.
