"... Since the very concept o f exploration is, in the strict sense, related to the first phase of the cycle o f preparation of discovered reserves, in other words the prognosis of undiscovered ...reserves, it is an integral part of prospecting for the hydrocarbon pools which incorporates the phase of recognition and the phase of prospection, ending with the act of discovery, naturally, only in the area of a newly discovered pool. .. The need for constant improvement of one' s own methodology of prognosis of distribution and value of undiscovered oil and gas reserves is unquestionable... The exploration for hydrocarbon deposits can take and affirm it 's position and role in the sphere of material production only providing the following condition is met: that the explorers themselves, consciously limit their right to make mistakes by finding out and respecting the rules of rational exploration procedure. Above all, this is to be done by conscious removal of all of the veils of mist that are drawn over one's work and by making conditions for the objective economic valuation of one's own products - the already discovered reserves of mineral deposits... (PLETIKAPIĆ, 1988).The chosen concise passages are taken fr m the deliberate works of Dr. Živko Pletikapić (1928- 1990). Distinguished scientist and esteemed professional of Croatian petroleum geology. They presented then, and are presenting even more this very moment, exceptionally valuable contributions to the improvement of modern geologic-economical concepts within the systematic approach towards the managing or the process of oil and gas exploration in Croatia. This is the very skeleton and also the starting point of this presentati on.
Genomics is a comprehensive study of the whole genome, genetic products, and their interactions. Human genome project has identified around 25,000-30,000 genes, and prevailing presence in tumor ...pathogenesis, high number of mutations, epigenetic changes, and other gene disorders have been identified. Microarrays technology is used for the analysis of these changes. Postgenome age has begun, and the initial results ensure the improvement of molecular tumor diagnostics and the making of a new taxonomic tumor classification, as well as the improvement, optimization and individualization of anti-tumor therapy. First genomic classifications have been made of leukemias, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and many solid tumors. For example, 4 molecular types of breast carcinoma, three types of diffuse B cell lymphoma, two types of chromophobic renal carcinoma have been identified. Also, gene structures for favorable and unfavorable outcome in leukemia, breast cancer, prostate, bronchi, and other tumors have been identified. It is absolutely possible to diagnose the primary outcome of tumors with which standard tumor position may not be proved using standard diagnostic tools. Pharmacogenomic profiles have ensured better definition of interindividual differences during therapy using antineoplastic drugs and the decrease of their toxicity, as well as individual treatment approach and patient selection with which favorable clinical outcome is expected. Pharmacogenomics has impacted the accelerated development of target drugs, which have showed to be useful in practice. New genomic markers mtDNA, meDNA, and miRNA have been identified, which, with great certainty, help the detection and diagnostics of carcinoma. In the future, functional genomics in clinical oncology provides to gain knowledge about tumor pathogenesis; it will improve diagnostics and prognosis, and open up new therapeutic options.
Genomika je sveobuhvatna studija celokupnog genoma, genskih produkata i njihovih interakcija. Projekat ljudskog genoma identifikovao je oko 30.000 gena i preovladstrock;ujuće prisustvo intergenskih sekvenci. U onkogenima, supresornim genima tumora i dr. genima koji imaju ulogu u patogenezi tumora, identifikovan je veliki broj mutacija, epigenetskih promena i dr. genskih poremećaja. Za analizu ovih promena upotrebljava se mikroarej tehnologija. Postgenomska era je počela, i prvi rezultati omogućavaju da se poboljša molekularna dijagnostika tumora i izvrši nova taksonomska klasifikacija tumora, kao i da se poboljša, optimalizuje i individualizuje antitumorska terapija. Izvršene su prve genomske klasifikacije leukemija, non-Hodgkin limfoma i mnogih solidnih tumora. Na primer, identifikovana su 4 molekularna tipa karcinoma dojke, tri tipa difuznog B ćelijskog limfoma, dva tipa papilarnog karcinoma bubrega. Takodstrock;e, identifikovane su genske signature za povoljan i nepovoljan ishod u lečenju leukemije, karcinoma dojke, prostate, bronha i dr. tumora. Apsolutno je moguće dijagnostikovati primarno ishodište u tumora kod kojih se standardnim dijagnostičkim sredstvima ne može dokazati primarno ležište tumora. Farmakogenomski profili omogućili su bolje definisanje interindividualnih razlika u toku terapije antineoplastičnim lekovima i smanjenje njihove toksičnosti, kao i individualni pristup u lečenju i selekciju pacijenata u kojih se očekuje povoljan klinički ishod. Farmakogenomika je uticala na ubrzani razvoj ciljanih lekova, koji su se u praksi pokazali svrsishodnim. Identifikovani su novi genomski markeri mtDNA, meDNA i miRNA, koji sa velikom sigurnošću pomažu u detekciji i dijagnostici karcinoma. U budućnosti, funkcionalna genomika u kliničkoj onkologiji omogućće upoznavanje patogeneze tumora, poboljšaće molekularnu dijagnostiku, prognozu, i otvoriti nove terapijske opcije.
Akvatični ekosistemi su konstantno izloženi multistres uslovima, jerna njih simultano deluju različiti tipovi pritisaka - od globalnihpromena, preko hidromorfoloških izmena vodnih tela do ...zagađenjaporeklom iz koncentrisanih i rasutih izvora. Efikasnost upravljačkihmera u cilju zaštite ili unapređenja statusa akvatičnih ekosistemazavise u velikoj meri od pouzdane procene rizika i precizneidentifikacije ključnih pritisaka, što u multistres uslovima nijejednostavno. Regulatorno uslovljeni monitoring programi imaju za ciljpre svega procenu hemijskog i ekološkog statusa (potencijala) vodnihtela. Međutim, dugogodišnja iskustva pokazuju da po pravilu, ocenestatusa na osnovu ova dva ključna kriterijuma nisu saglasne, pa je teškoustanoviti jasne uzročno – posledične veze između zagađenja hazardnimsupstancama i promena na nivou akvatičnih životnih zajednica. Jednaod mogućnosti za prevazilaženje ovog problema je primenabioanalitičkih (mahom in vitro) metoda i biomarkera (kod eksponiranihjedinki i populacija) u retrospektivnoj proceni rizika kao sponeizmeđu hemijskog i biološkog monitoringa. Biomarkeri kao ranipokazatelji prisustva i / ili efekata hemijskog stresa mogu doprinetiidentifikaciji prioritenih lokacija, hazardnih supstanci i njihovihsmeša i povezati izloženost određenim klasama polutanata ilinjihovim smešama u životnoj sredini, sa efektima uočenim na višimnivoima biološke organizacije. Odabir optimalne baterijekomplementarnih opštih i specifičnih ekosistemski relevantnihbiomarkera, različitih nivoa biološke organizacije, od molekularnihdo fizioloških, primenljivih u različitim prostorno-vremenskimokvirima, i dalje predstavlja istraživački izazov i stoga je i predmetistraživanja ove doktorske disertacije. Opšti cilj istraživanja je bioodabir, optimizacija i integracija baterije fizioloških, enzimskih imolekularnih biomarkera kod riba, kao ključnog segmenta kompleksnogmultiparametarskog dijagnostičkog pristupa za identifikacijuhemijskog stresa koji predstavlja značajan pritisak na akvatičneekosisteme u realnim multistres uslovima. Specifični ciljevi suvezani za zadatke dve studije slučaja u okviru kojih je istraživanjesprovedeno. U okviru studije slučaja Novi Sad procenjeno je da jetoksični pritisak na odabranim lokalitetima nizak, ali ipak viši ugradskoj zoni Novog Sada u odnosu na uzvodne lokalitete. Na osnovuefekata uzoraka vode sa istih lokaliteta in vitro pERK1/2 esej se pokazaokao potencijalno koristan alat za monitoring efekta zagađenja uakvatičnim ekosistemima, zadovoljavajuće osetljivosti, kojom je mogućetektovati odgovor pri tretmanu kompleksnim uzorcima iz životnesredine koji sadrže jedinjenja koja utiču na ERK1/2 signalni put.Ograničenje ove metode, kao samostalnog alata predstavlja je niskaspecifičnost ERK1/2 signalnog puta na koji može uticati veliki brojsupstanci sa različitim načinima delovanja, pa se njegov potencijalogleda u primeni sa komplementarnim metodama u okviru kompleksnihbaterija in vitro bioeseja. Studija slučaja Novi Sad je u fokusu imala iunapređenje terenskih protokola i eksperimentalnih postavki kojiomogućavaju primenu biomarkera na različitim prostorno-vremenskimskalama u istražnim monitoring programima sa akcentom na velike reke,a koji podrazumevaju kavezni sistem izlaganja jedinki riba i procenuefekata hemijskog stresa kod jedinki iz prirodnih populacija.Primenom kavezne postavke izlaganja jedinki C. carpio je potvrđeno da jeza upotrebu biometrijskih parametara kao biomarkera potrebno duževreme izlaganja, dok su najosetljiviji parametri bili aktivnost enzimakatalaza, parametri imunog odgovora i autofagije kao i biomarkerineurotoksičnosti, među kojima se posebno istakao gen za bazni proteinmijelina. Zajedno sa detektovanim supstancama u serumu i mišićnomtkivu jedinki, odgovori biomarkera neurotoksičnosti su ukazali nazastupljenost ove grupe polutanata na analiziranim lokalitetima.Rezultati analize biomarkera kod jedinki riba iz prirodnih populacijaističu značaj novoidentifikovanih uloga različitih gena i proteinakoji su uobičajeno smatrani biomarkerima efekta, pokazujući da promeneu ovim parametrima ne moraju nužno ukazivati na pogoršanje zdravljajedinki riba, već bi se trebale tumačiti kao adaptivni odgovor nahemijski stres, pre nego direktan dokaz ekološkog uticaja zagađenja ine slučaja na široj prostornoj skali-tok reke Dunavizvršena je analiza efekata polutanata u prirodnim populacijama Alburnus alburnus, pri čemu nisu uočene razlike između analiziranihlokaliteta usled prirodne varijabilnosti i male veličine uzorka, kao inedostatka adekvatnog referalnog lokaliteta.
Ova studija potvrđuje mišljenje da instilacija KLH-a stimulira produkciju citokina, koji se zatim izlučuju putem mokraće. Interleukin 1(IL-1) koji proizvode aktivirani makrofagi, domino-efektom ...stimulira niz imunih reakcija. lnstilacijski program započinje 5 do 7 dana nakon TUR-a primarnoga površnog karcinoma mjehura. Taj program obuhvaća intravezikalnu instilaciju 20 mg KLH-a, razvodnjenoga u 20 ml fiziološke otopine, jedanput tjedno, ukupno 6 puta, a zatim jedanput mjesečno tijekom godine dana. Nakon instilacije KLH-a u mjehur, IL-alfa izlučuje se u mokraći. U svrhu analize korišten je specifični enzimski imunosorbent esej (ELISA). ELISA za IL-1 a, utemeljen u našem laboratoriju, pokazuje graničnu vrijednost otkrivanja od 5 pg/ml. Taj IL-la ELISA varira od 3 do 7% unutar naših mogućnosti mjerenja, a 5 do 15% od serije do serije. U terapijskoj skupini sekrecija IL-la varira u rasponu od 0 do 30.905 pg/24h, dok u kontrolnoj skupim taj se raspon kreće između 0 (razdoblje sakupljanja) i 2.472 pg/4h. Sekrecija IL-la nakon instilacije KLH-a u mjehur bolesnika s karcinomom, značajno raste, uz napomenu da visina te sekrecije znatno varira od bolesnika do bolesnika. Maksimum je izlučivanja postignut tijekom 4 do 8 sati nakon mstilacije, nakon čega to izlučivanje postupno opada. Pritom se pokazala neuobičajeno izražena razlika u količini izlučenoga IL-la tijekom 24 sata u kontrolnoj skupini, od skupine kojoj je instiliran KLH. Osam od 14 bolesnika (57%) koliko ih je reagiralo na KLH, imali su nakon šestotjedne terapije veću koncentraciju IL-la u mokraći nego oni bolesnici koji tijekom 12 mjeseci nisu reagirali na KLH, uz napomenu da razlike nisu bile statistički značajne. Smatra se da sekrecija IL-1 alfa u mokraći predstavlja biološki odgovor mjehura na antigenski stimulus KLH-a. U primjercima mokraće nije nađen IL-2. Preostaje da se dodatnim ispitivanjima utvrdi prisustvo IL-2 citokina, uz napomenu da je možda količina citokina bila ispod granice detekcije koju zahtijeva ELISA. Potrebno je utvrditi stimulira li intravezikalno instiliran Keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) lokalni odgovor stanica sluznice mokraćnoga mjehura u bolesnika s površnim karcinomom mjehura.
This paper reveals the failure characteristic points of the spiral reinforced column during the damage process by modeling and analyzing the stressing state of the column with the test and finite ...element output data. At the same time, the structural stressing state theory and the correlation modeling analysis method’s applicability to spiral reinforced concrete columns are verified. First, a finite element model was established based on the literature’s spiral reinforced concrete column tests. Then, correlation modeling was performed on the test strain data to obtain correlation characteristic pairs (mode-characteristic parameters), and stressing state modeling was performed on the internal energy and element strain energy data from the finite element model to obtain stressing state characteristic pairs. The slope increment criterion is applied to the obtained stressing state characteristic parameter curves to reveal the characteristic point Q, defined as the failure starting point. The reasonableness of the failure starting point is further verified by observing the cloud diagram of the finite element model in the vicinity of the characteristic point Q. In general, the correlation modeling method proposed in this paper can provide a new reference for structural stressing state analysis. In addition, the failure starting point of spiral reinforced concrete columns revealed in this paper can be used as a design reference.
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular anaerobe and the etiologic agent of enteric septicemia of channel catfish (ESC). To the catfish industry, ESC is a devastating ...disease due to production losses and treatment costs. Identification of virulence mechanisms of E. ictaluri is critical to developing novel therapeutic approaches for the disease. Here, we report construction of a transposon insertion library and identification of mutated genes in growth-delayed E. ictaluri colonies. We also provide safety and efficacy of transposon insertion mutants in catfish.
An E. ictaluri transposon insertion library with 45,000 transposants and saturating 30.92% of the TA locations present in the E. ictaluri genome was constructed. Transposon end mapping of 250 growth-delayed E. ictaluri colonies and bioinformatic analysis of sequences revealed 56 unique E. ictaluri genes interrupted by the MAR2xT7 transposon, which are involved in metabolic and cellular processes and mostly localized in the cytoplasm or cytoplasmic membrane. Of the 56 genes, 30 were associated with bacterial virulence. Safety and vaccine efficacy testing of 19 mutants showed that mutants containing transposon insertions in hypothetical protein (Eis::004), and Fe-S cluster assembly protein (IscX, Eis::039), sulfurtransferase (TusA, Eis::158), and universal stress protein A (UspA, Eis::194) were safe and provided significant protection (p < 0.05) against wild-type E. ictaluri.
The results indicate that random transposon mutagenesis causing growth-delayed phenotype results in identification bacterial virulence genes, and attenuated strains with transposon interrupted virulence genes could be used as vaccine to activate fish immune system.
This study aims to account for the variation in aspect choices in factual imperfective contexts in Polish, Czech, and Russian. A series of online questionnaires were conducted wherein the native ...speakers of the tested languages were asked to fill in the missing verbs for two types of existential contexts (neutral and resultative) and four types of presuppositional factual contexts (weakly and strongly resultative with a focus on the initiator or the result state of the past event). We show that neutral existential factual contexts generally elicited significantly more imperfective choices than resultative existential factual contexts. Additionally, there was a trend towards a higher usage of imperfective in weakly resultative presuppositional contexts as compared to strongly resultative presuppositional contexts, suggesting that the less emphasis is placed on the result state the more likely the choice of imperfective aspect is for the expression of the temporal indefiniteness of factual contexts. Russian showed a significantly higher proportion of imperfective uses than Polish and Czech, with Czech being intermediate. We argue that these observations result from the fact that in all types of factual contexts (both existential and presuppositional) there is an interaction between two types of TEMPORAL (IN)DEFINITENESS of the past event: (i) temporal (in)definiteness at the micro-level (first phase syntax-vP) (depending on the position of the time variable within the temporal event of the past complex event) and (ii) (in)definiteness of the past event at the macro-level (second phase syntax–AspP and TP) (related to the position of the past event relative to the utterance time). We show that both discourse-level information and verb-level information interact in determining these two types of (in)definiteness, and they do it differently in Polish, Czech, and Russian.
A combined wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-polarization division multiplexing-dual polarization (DP) in-phase quadrature modulation is proposed in hybrid single mode fiber (SMF)/free space ...optics (FSO) communication system to be used for last mile connectivity. Four WDM channels are used; each carries 112 Gbps information data. Additionally, 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signals are used in a DP in-phase quadrature modulation. Also, for SMF nonlinear losses and dispersion loss, digital signal processing algorithms are used to compensate nonlinear fiber losses, dispersion, and FSO channel losses. Furthermore, we assumed constant SMF length of 50 km with various ranges for the FSO link. External climate changes like clear air (CA), hazy, rainy, and foggy weather conditions are considered for evaluating the system performance. Both the bit error rate (BER) and percentage of error vector magnitude (EVM%) are used as performance metrics. The simulation results assure the longest transmission distance of 50 km SMF + 3.5 km FSO under CA and the shortest transmission distance of 50 km SMF + 0.675 km FSO under heavy fog with an overall capacity of 448 Gbps. At BER < 3.8 × 10
−3
and EVM% < 15%, these transmission ranges are conducted. Consequently, the proposed SMF/FSO system is suggested to be used in the fifth generation last-mile wide-area networks.
In this paper, we derive the throughput of wireless communications using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) with energy harvesting. The source harvests energy using the received Radio Frequency ...(RF) signal from node
U
. Node
U
can be any node transmitting RF signals. The harvested energy is used to transmit data to the destination through IRS. We derive the Probability Density Function and Cumulative Distribution Function of Signal-to-Noise Ratio as well as the throughput when IRS is deployed as a transmitter or a reflector. When there are
K
=
8
,
16
reflectors, IRS allows 13 and 19 dB gain with respect to conventional energy harvesting systems without IRS. We also suggest a wireless communication system using two IRS. The first IRS is used to improve the energy harvesting process and is placed between nodes
U
and the source
S
. The second IRS reflects the source’s signals to the destination. The derived results are valid for Nakagami fading channels.
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