Cilj provedenog empirijskog istraživanja bio je dobiti odgovore
na pitanja: Koliki je stupanj izraženosti hrvatskog etničkog
identiteta? Na koji se način izražava hrvatski etnički identitet? Koji
...čimbenici utječu na gubljenje ili održavanje hrvatskog etničkog
identiteta? Postoji li povezanost između nekih sociodemografskih
obilježja hrvatskoga iseljeništva u Čileu danas i stupnja
izraženosti njihovog etničkog identiteta? Na temelju dobivenih
rezultata zaključeno je da u malom broju slučajeva postoji
statistički značajna razlika u odgovorima ispitanika po dobi,
spolu, obrazovanju i ostalim nezavisnim varijablama. U nekoliko
slučajeva pokazuje se razlika među ispitanicima s obzirom na
dob, pa je uočena razlika među ispitanicima mlađe i starije
generacije pogotovo u pitanju jezika, posjetima Hrvatskoj i
povratka u Hrvatsku. Zaključeno je da je među ispitanicima
dosta dobro očuvan hrvatski etnički identitet. Naime, 58,8%
ispitanika izjavilo je da su se uvijek osjećali Hrvatima, 65%
ispitanika članovi su hrvatskih iseljeničkih društava, a 42,2%
ispitanika redovito komunicira s rodbinom u Hrvatskoj. Starije
generacije najviše njeguju i održavaju hrvatske običaje,
a hrvatski etnički identitet prepoznatljiv je i u svim hrvatskim
iseljeničkim društvima. Ispitanici smatraju kako bi trebalo
omogućiti mladima veće sudjelovanje u hrvatskim iseljeničkim
društvima i usmjeriti ih na učenje hrvatskoga jezika. U uspostavi
kulturne i znanstvene suradnje između Čilea i domovine Hrvatske
vide ključ uspjeha.
Naše iseljeničko školstvo pojavljuje se u Čileu za vrijeme Prvoga svjetskog rata. Godine 1916. otvorena je u Antofagasti Jugoslavenska mješovita pučka škola a 1917. Jugoslavenska škola u Punta ...Arenasu. Potonja je prestala raditi već u toka 1918. dok je ona u Antofagasti djelovala i nakon Prvoga svjetskog rata. Obje škole nastale su i djelovale u sklopu jugoslavenskoga iseljeničkog pokreta, odnosno njegove organizacije Jugoslavenske narodne obrane. S tim u vezi određeni su i njihovi ciljevi: zaustavljanje asimilacije druge generacije iseljenika i njihov odgoj u duhu jugoslavenskog patriotizma. Škole su financirali sami iseljenici. O kratkom vijeku škole u Punta Arenasu imamo malo podataka. Škola u Antofagasti bila je dvogodišnja, a u njezinu sklopu djelovao je i dječji vrtić. Godine 1917. u tu je školu bilo upisano 110 djece. Škole su imale neprestano materijalne i kadrovske probleme a broj upisane djece iz godine u godinu bivao je sve manji.
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Na temelju izvornoga arhivskog materijala autor rekonstruira, analizira i kritički ocjenjuje nemire unutar jugoslavenskoga iseljeničkog pokreta u hrvatskoj iseljeničkoj koloniji u čileanskom gradu ...Antofagasti. Oni se zbivaju unutar dvije socijalno-političke grupe: »malog puka« i »aristokracije«. Glavni motiv jest borba za vlast u tamošnjem ogranku Jugoslavenske narodne obrane »Petar Petrović Njegoš«. Premda »mali puk« (tj. iseljenici-najamni radnici) ne postavlja izravno socijalne ciljeve, cijela atmosfera u tom sukobu unutar jedinstvenoga nacionalnog pokreta, ispunjena je socijalnim nabojem. Iako zahtjeva vodstvo samo na temelju veće brojnosti i većeg patriotizma, porast socijalne samosvijesti »malog puka« posve je očit. Dokumenti ukazuju da su na to utjecali i revolucionarni događaji u Rusiji godine 1917.
Life in debt Han, Clara
2012., 20120506, 2012, 2012-06-05, 20120101
eBook
Chile is widely known as the first experiment in neoliberalism in Latin America, carried out and made possible through state violence. Since the beginning of the transition in 1990, the state has ...pursued a national project of reconciliation construed as debts owed to the population. The state owed a "social debt" to the poor accrued through inequalities generated by economic liberalization, while society owed a "moral debt" to the victims of human rights violations. Life in Debt invites us into lives and world of a poor urban neighborhood in Santiago. Tracing relations and lives between 1999 and 2010, Clara Han explores how the moral and political subjects imagined and asserted by poverty and mental health policies and reparations for human rights violations are refracted through relational modes and their boundaries. Attending to intimate scenes and neighborhood life, Han reveals the force of relations in the making of selves in a world in which unstable work patterns, illness, and pervasive economic indebtedness are aspects of everyday life. Lucidly written, Life in Debt provides a unique meditation on both the past inhabiting actual life conditions but also on the difficulties of obligation and achievements of responsiveness.
In Fighting Unemployment in Twentieth-Century Chile ,
Ángela Vergara narrates the story of how industrial and mine
workers, peasants and day laborers, as well as blue-collar and
white-collar ...employees earned a living through periods of economic,
political, and social instability in twentieth-century Chile. The
Great Depression transformed how Chileans viewed work and welfare
rights and how they related to public institutions. Influenced by
global and regional debates, the state put modern agencies in place
to count and assist the poor and expand their social and economic
rights. Weaving together bottom-up and transnational approaches,
Vergara underscores the limits of these policies and demonstrates
how the benefits and protections of wage labor became central to
people's lives and culture, and how global economic recessions,
political oppression, and abusive employers threatened their
working-class culture. Fighting Unemployment in
Twentieth-Century Chile contributes to understanding the
profound inequality that permeates Chilean history through a
detailed analysis of the relationship between welfare professionals
and the unemployed, the interpretation of labor laws, and
employers' everyday attitudes.
In Chile, the beginning of the work of the Consejo Constitucional – the conservative-majority body that will draft within four months a new constitution that should replace the existing 1980 ...Constitution – serves to outline the ongoing constitution-making process. This can be done considering the first year of the presidency of progressive Gabriel Boric, who was its promoter but will not be able to lead it. Instead, it will be led by the ultra-conservative José Antonio Kast, leader of the Partido Republicano de Chile, which has always declared itself opposed to a reform of the Fundamental Charter and which holds precisely the majority in the Consejo Constitucional.
The Religion of Life examines the interconnections and
relationship between Catholicism and eugenics in early
twentieth-century Chile. Specifically, it demonstrates that the
popularity of eugenic ...science was not diminished by the influence
of Catholicism there. In fact, both eugenics and Catholicism worked
together to construct the concept of a unique Chilean race, la
raza chilena . A major factor that facilitated this conceptual
overlap was a generalized belief among historical actors that male
and female gender roles were biologically determined and therefore
essential to a functioning society. As the first English-language
study of eugenics in Chile, The Religion of Life surveys a
wide variety of different materials (periodicals, newspapers,
medical theses, and monographs) produced by Catholic and secular
intellectuals from the first half of the twentieth century. What
emerges from this examination is not only a more complex rendering
of the relationship between religion and science but also the
development of White supremacist logics in a Latin American
context.
Becoming Mapuche Course, Magnus
2011, 20111128, 2011-11-30, 20110101
eBook, Book
Magnus Course blends convincing historical analysis with sophisticated contemporary theory in this superb ethnography of the Mapuche people of southern Chile. Based on many years of ethnographic ...fieldwork, Becoming Mapuche takes readers to the indigenous reserves where many Mapuche have been forced to live since the beginning of the twentieth century. Exploring their way of life, the book situates the Mapuche within broader anthropological debates about indigenous peoples in South America._x000B__x000B_Comprising around 10 percent of the Chilean population, the Mapuche are one of the largest indigenous groups in the Americas. Despite increasing social and political marginalization, the Mapuche remain a distinct presence within Chilean society, giving rise to the burgeoning Mapuche political movement and holding on to their traditional language of Mapundungun, their religion, and their theory of self-creation. In addition to accounts of the intimacies of everyday kinship and friendship, Course also offers the first complete ethnographic analyses of the major social events of contemporary rural Mapuche life--eluwün funerals, the ritual sport of palin, and the great ngillatun fertility ritual. The volume includes a glossary of terms in Mapudungun.
