In the frame of national research and innovation project MASPREM exposure maps of inhabitants, buildings and infrastructures to landslide occurrence were developed for five selected Slovenian ...municipalities. Maps represent an upgrade of the landslide susceptibility maps that were elaborated based on synthesis of analysis of event-based landslide inventory and field investigations. Exposure maps were developed for five municipalities: Bovec, La{ko, Slovenj Gradec, Trbovlje and Železniki. Exposure of inhabitants, construction and infrastructures to landslide occurrence was analysed using simple cross-analysis of landslide susceptibility maps at scale of 1:25,000 with locations of exposed elements. All analyses were conducted in the GIS with software tool ArcMap. Exposure maps, based on landslide susceptibility, were classified into six classes, with values ranging from one to six where class one represents areas with negligible exposure and class six areas with very high exposure to landslide occurrence. Exposure maps of selected municipalities provide the basis for further assessment of risk and consequentially better risk management.
Flash floods in Slovenia, which was exposed on September 18th 2007, demanded 6 lives, several thousand houses and over one thousand kilometres of roads were damaged and more also than 50 bridges. The ...highest amount of rain fell at west and north-west parts of Slovenia (northern Primorska region and southern Gorenjska region),from where heavy rain spread eastwards over the central Slovenia and in east part of Slovenia. In the article we focused on area of western and north-western part of Slovenia. The aim of present research was in the first phase to describe methodology to determine landslide occurrences from satellite images before and after natural disaster on Železniki region. Second phase was based on comparison of obtained results with the existing models for prediction of slope mass movements, and finally also to determine identificability of landslide types on a satellite image.Results have shown, that the highest part of obtaining area from supervised and unsupervised classification of satellite images, are comparable with classes of landslide susceptibility, where occurrences of landslide are largest.
Extended description:
Železniki: hudo neurje - deževje; deroča voda v naselju, hiše, izjava Stane Hudolin, Minka Klemenčič, poplavljena cesti, ljudje stojijo, podjetje Niko, gasilsko vozilo, izjava ...Tina Nastran, direktorica Nika, delavci ob tovarni, predsednik vlade Janez Janša ob direktorici, dr. Ivana Rejec, direktorica Domela, avtomobili pred tovarno Domel, prevrnjeno vozilo, izjava Tomo Černe, voda ob tovarni, izjava Janez Janša, predsednik vlade, Mihael Prevc, župan Železnikov, delo gasilcev.
A Severe storm in Železniki with heavy rains: water rushing through the village, flooded road and houses. Statements by Stane Hudolin and Minka Klemenčič, footage of a fire truck on duty, a statement by Tina Nastran, director of the company Niko (factory producing metal products), workers at the factory, Prime Minister Janez Janša visiting the company, Dr. Ivana Rejec, director of Domel, destroyed cars in front of the factory Domel, an overturned vehicle, a statement by Tomo Černe, water at the factory, statements by Prime Minister Janez Janša and Mihael Prevc, Mayor of Železniki and finally footage of fire-fighters on duty.
Information:
A massive storm and flooding in Železniki.
Original language summary:
Hudo neurje in poplave v Železnikih.
Extended description:
Običaji na Gregorjevo: ptički v grmovju, vrabci in sinice, voditeljica oddaje Petra DRŽAJ, sejem na Veseli Gori nad Šentrupertom na Dolenjskem, kjer ponujajo vse mogoče - od ...kmečkega orodja do suhe robe Železniki, Kropa, Kamna Gorica, Tržič: v vodo vržejo luči ali Gregorjeve barčice in jih spustijo po Sori, vrabčki med vejami.
Extended description:
Običaji na Gregorjevo: ptički v grmovju, vrabci in sinice, voditeljica oddaje Petra DRŽAJ, sejem na Veseli Gori nad Šentrupertom na Dolenjskem, kjer ponujajo vse mogoče - od kmečkega orodja do suhe robe Železniki, Kropa, Kamna Gorica, Tržič: v vodo vržejo luči ali Gregorjeve barčice in jih spustijo po Sori, vrabčki med vejami.
Šentrupert na Dolenjskem, Železniki, Kropa, Kamna Gorica, Tržič: St. Gregory’s Day traditions on 12th of March, the day when spring arrives and birds get married.
Original language summary:
Šentrupert na Dolenjskem, Železniki, Kropa, Kamna Gorica, Tržič: običaji na Gregorjevo – na dan, ko se ptički ženijo.
Extended description:
Prihod delavcev v tovarno, Kranjska Gora, izjava o skrajšanju delovnega časa v kolektivu, izjava o uvajanju krajšega delovnega časa za ženske že v letu 1957, predilnica, delo v ...proizvodnji, delavke z rutami, poročanje iz Tovarne elektromotorjev in gospodinjskih aparatov Železniki, odhod delavcev iz tovarne domov - »konec šihta«, izjave Jože Kovač, Ilirija Ljubljana, Marjan Pirc, Gorenjska predilnica Škofja Loka, ing. Lojze Žumer Iskra Železniki.
Information:
The introduction of a shorter, 42 hour working week in Slovenia.
Original language summary:
Uvedba skrajšanega, 42 urnega delovnega tednika v Sloveniji.
•Selected extreme rainfall events in the last 25years in Slovenia were investigated.•Rainfall characteristics triggering flash floods and landslides are different.•Copulas yield useful ...intensity–duration–frequency relationship (IDF).•Rainfall inter-event time selection has significant influences on IDFs.•Different rainfall thresholds should apply in different parts of Slovenia.
Floods, landslides and debris flows are natural events that occur all over the world and are often induced by extreme rainfall conditions. Several extreme events occurred in Slovenia (Europe) in the last 25years that caused 18 casualties and approximately 500million Euros of economic loss. The intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationship was constructed using the Frank copula function for several rainfall stations using high-resolution rainfall data with an average subsample length of 34years. The empirical rainfall threshold curves were also evaluated for selected extreme events. Post-event analyses showed that rainfall characteristics triggering flash floods and landslides are different. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the inter-event time definition (IETD) and subsample definition methodology can have a significant influence on the position of rainfall events in the intensity–duration space, the constructed IDF curves and on the relationship between the empirical rainfall threshold curves and the IDF curves constructed using the copula approach. Furthermore, a combination of several empirical rainfall thresholds with an appropriate high-density rainfall measurement network can be used as part of the early warning system of the initiation of landslides and debris flows. However, different rainfall threshold curves should be used for lowland and mountainous areas in Slovenia.
A Mesoscale Convective System in North-Western Slovenia produced up to 350–400mm in 12h on 18 September, 2007. The region impacted by the storm shows significant differences in climatic and geologic ...properties at short distances. Owing to such variability, extreme flooding concentrated over the Selška Sora watershed at Železniki (103.3km2), outside the area which received the highest precipitation. Hydrometeorological analyses of the storm are based on accurate analysis of C-band weather-radar observations and data from a rain gauge network. Detailed surveys of high-water marks and channel/floodplain geometry, carried out two months after the flood, are used for hydrologic analyses of the Selška Sora flood. These include estimation of peak discharge at 21 sites. Unit peak discharges range from 5 to 7m3s−1km−2 in basins characterised by size up to approximately 25km2. Higher unit peak discharges (>10m3s−1km−2), estimated in a few smaller basins, are influenced by intense sediment transport. Observed rainfall, estimated peak discharges, and observer notes on timing of peak discharge are used along with a distributed hydrologic model to reconstruct hydrographs at multiple locations. Examination of the rainfall distribution and flood response shows that the extent and the position of the karst terrain provided a major control on flood response in the region impacted by the storm. Use of the distributed hydrological model together with the post-flood survey observations is shown to provide an accurate description of the flood. Water balance and response time characteristics are examined for selected catchments, showing that event runoff coefficient ranged between 17% and 24% for different catchments. The quality of the peak discharge simulation at the 21 surveyed sites is substantially degraded when using spatially-uniform rainfall over the area covering all the surveyed sub-catchments, mainly due to rainfall volume errors introduced by using the spatially uniform value. On the other hand, the influence of rainfall spatial averaging at the scale of the sub-catchments generally has a very limited effect on runoff modelling, showing that rainfall spatial organisation was not able to overcome the catchment dampening effect for this flood.
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