Članak daje pregled zastupljenosti analize naučnofantastične književnosti i naučne fantastike u drugim segmentima popularne kulture u srpskoj antropologiji. Ovom pregledu prethodi razmatranje naučne ...fantastike kao žanra uz svest o fluidnosti žanra i preplitanju podžanrova, kao i transformacijama koje naučna fantastika doživljava u pojedinim medijima (knjiga, film, TV serija i video igre). U srpskoj antropologiji istraživanje naučne fantastike je zastupljeno srazmerno više nego proučavanje nekih drugih fenomena budući da je broj antropologa, čiji su radovi prikazani u tekstu, relativno veliki kada se uzme u obzir veličina antropološke naučne zajednice. Uzroci tome najviše leže u zajedničkom usmerenju na određena pitanja, kao što su na primer: ko smo mi, a ko su drugi, šta je osnov stvaranja i građenja identiteta ili koja je uloga konteksta u prepoznavanju vrsta. Antropologija kroz interpretiranje, objašnjenje i razumevanje sveta oko nas, a naučna fantastika kroz književno razmatranje istih pitanja predstavljaju dva načina odgovaranja na postavljene probleme.
Kognitivni treninzi predstavljaju intervenciju osmišljenu za unapređenje različitih aspekata kognitivnog funkcioniranja. Najučinkovitiji oblik treninga predstavljaju tzv. multimodalni treninzi, koji ...uključuju aktivnost više kognitivnih procesa i dovode do boljeg transfera stečenih vještina u svakodnevni život. Literatura sugerira kako se u različitoj populaciji videoigre, najpoznatiji primjer multimodalnoga treninga, mogu rabiti za unapređenje kognitivnih funkcija. S obzirom je na njihovu veliku popularnost cilj ovoga preglednog rada prikazati kognitivne mehanizme koji videoigre čine optimalnim medijem za kognitivno osnaživanje te učinke igranja različitih vrsta videoigara na kognitivne funkcije. Konkretno, u radu su prikazana različita teorijska objašnjenja učinkovitosti videoigara, mehanizmi učenja i transfera stečenih vještina. Osim toga, rad je usmjeren na tri najčešće korištene vrste videoigara u kognitivnim treninzima: ozbiljne igre, igre mentalnog treninga i komercijalne igre. Pritom se razmatra njihova učinkovitost kod različitih dobnih skupina i neuropsiholoških bolesnika. Zbog velike raznolikosti komercijalnih igara dan je prikaz dosadašnjih nalaza učinkovitosti različitih žanrova komercijalnih igara u kognitivnom osnaživanju. U posljednjem su dijelu rada dane preporuke istraživačima za daljnje provjere učinkovitosti videoigara kao oblika kognitivnog treninga.
Cognitive training is an intervention aimed at promoting various aspects of cognitive functioning. The most effective programs include the so-called multimodal training, i.e. interventions which include the activity of several cognitive processes and lead to far transfer of training-induced skills to everyday life. Video games represent a well-established example of multimodal training, leading to cognitive empowerment in various populations. Given the popularity of video games, this review aims to present: i) cognitive mechanisms required for gaming which turn video games into an optimal platform for cognitive empowerment and ii) cognitive effects of playing various types of video-games. More specifically, we review the theory behind the efficacy of video games, learning mechanisms promoted by gaming, and mechanisms of transfer. Also, we focus on the three most commonly used video games in cognitive training: serious games, brain training and commercial games, considering their effects in different age groups and neuropsychological patients. Due to the variety of commercial games, the research findings are presented via different genres of commercial games and their effects on cognitive functioning. In the last part of the paper, we give recommendations for future video game research as a form of cognitive training.
U radu se razmatra strukturni princip žanra novinske književne kritike (NKK) s obzirom na retoričku motivaciju tekstualnih struktura i diskursnih funkcija koje su izvedene na osnovu komunikacijske ...svrhe – književnokritički komentar. Kod tako postavljenog naučnoistraživačkog cilja primenjen je žanrovski concept (Swales 1990) i teorijsko-metodološka praksa teorije retoričke strukture (Mann i Thompson 1988), što je omogućilo otvaranje semantičko/pragmatičkog interfejsa. U okviru teorijsko-metodoloških razmatranja aktualizovan je problem kompatibilnosti sekvencijalnih interpretativnih modela (model makrostrukture) i shematskih prototipičnih superstruktura u analizi diskursa retoričke motivacije, a posebno poglavlje posvećeno je komparativnoj analizi teksta NKK na osnovu sekvencijalnog i retoričkog modela. U završnom delu rada analizirana su dva književnokritička prikaza istog književnog dela sa stanovišta teorijsko-metodološke prakse TRS i koncepta žanra, kada je predstavljena retorička transformacija pragmatičke matrice žanra NKK omogućila postavljanje hipoteze o žanrovskoj retoričkoj varijaciji NKK.
U radu se naglašava neodvojivost književnosti srednjeg veka od duhovne sfere. Preko načela teocentričnosti, karakterističnog za ideologiju srednjovekovnog čoveka, analizira se, ukratko, stvaralački ...postupak, poetika, jezik i tematski plan dela nastalih u srednjem veku. U žiži interesovanja su srednjovekovni poetski tekstovi o Kosovu i podvig njihove centralne ličnosti, svetog kneza Lazara, koji se tumači u religijskom ključu.
Solunska brata Ciril in Metod sta stara in od Cerkve priznana svetnika. Vendar nobeno od znanih besedil s slovenskih tal ne ustreza vtisu o svetniški legendi kaj šele merilom o njej.
Ličnost i videoigre Blažanović, Petar
Psychē,
09/2021, Letnik:
4, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Videoigre su medij koji posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća karakterizira masovni porast i čiji broj igrača i dalje ubrzano raste. Povećanjem broja igrača, sve su očitije postale različite pozitivne, ali ...i negativne posljedice igranja videoigara, poput ovisnosti i agresije, na što se i usmjerio fokus znanstvenika. Također, u središtu interesa našle su se i osobine ličnosti igrača s ciljem da se opiše na koji su način one povezane s tim posljedicama te da se na temelju ličnosti razvije model koji bi pokušao predvidjeti potencijalne problematične ishode igranja. Ovaj rad razmatra na koji su način povezane preferencije žanrova videoigara i osobine ličnosti igrača. Također, bavi se dosadašnjim spoznajama o ovisnosti koja se javlja kod igrača te ih povezuje s osobinama ličnosti i mogućim preventivnim intervencijama. Zaključno, osvrće se na pregled literature o vezi igranja videoigara i agresivnosti te kakvu ulogu u toj vezi imaju osobine ličnosti.
Local governments employ administrative acts for managing their own activities as well as those of other offices, businesses, private persons, etc. In order for an administrative act to best fulfil ...its purpose, a suitable textual strategy, covering both structural and linguistic choices, must be selected. No language user is entirely free in making such choices, but rather proceeds to a greater or lesser degree from examples set by previous texts, i.e. from conventions of genre and of the wider culture. The purpose of this paper is to determine what kinds of textual strategies and devices (including text types) are employed in orders, decisions, and directives for the purpose of achieving a genre-specific goal. Since the law specifies the issuer of the act, their sphere of competence, and the conditions for the issuance of the act, it can be presumed that some of the genre-specific characteristics are related to extra-linguistic factors. This paper focuses on the general and sentence structure of administrative acts, in order to determine whether such acts can be regarded as a distinct genre based on linguistic properties as well. The administrative acts under consideration have a structure as standardised by the corresponding domain. In 64% of the administrative acts, background information (reasoning, as well as references to legislation) is syntactically connected to the conclusion. As such, the content is conveyed in the form of declarative speech acts: the issuer of the act describes their own activity (e.g. X issues an order, X decides + da-infinitive), rather than giving out instructions. However, in 26% of administrative acts there is no syntactic connection between background information and the conclusion, for which reason the conclusion, constructed from da-infinitives, takes the form of instructions. Consequently, the micro-level of administrative acts presents a mixture of descriptive and instructive text types , whereas on the macrolevel the administrative acts here examined represent only the instructive text type. Although directives are more varied than orders and decisions (e.g. directives include fewer references to the reasons for the issuance of the act and to legislation, and such references are usually syntactically unconnected to the conclusion), the classification of orders, decisions, and directives into distinct administrative acts is primarily based on extra-linguistic (substantial) characteristics. For this reason, on the basis of their use of language they can be regarded as a single genre, a genre of administrative instructions.
Concerning contracts as legal texts, besides accurate content, technical accuracy, which appears in the proper structure of the text, good syntax, precise word choice and neutral style, is also ...expected. However, the reality is somewhat different – lower-level legal and administrative texts that have not been edited tend to be syntactically more complicated than, for instance, legislative texts. Language analysis reveals that although the sentence structure of contracts is rather simple, the comprehension of a text is inhibited by several inserted constructions: non-finite clauses, participle constructions, nominalisations, adverbialisations and constructions without predicates.
Although the abundance of the inserted constructions is one of the textual characteristics of contracts, the functions that these types of constructions fulfil from the point of view of text formation have to be taken into account. The constructions of ma- and da-infinitive vividly pass on the essence of contracts – deontic modality – obligation and permission is expressed by different nouns and verbs, especially frequently by kohustuma and õigus. Moreover, genre-specific structural characteristics of contractual sentences set out various specifications of conditions, restriction of actions and options. With participle constructions limits are set, conditions specified and intratextual references added. Also, the adverbialisations and constructions without predicates are at the service of the accuracy and concreteness of the contracts. However, nominalisations perform a different kind of function in contracts – they pass the actions on in the same way as terms. This is supported by the genre-specific static language of a contract – that is to say, descriptive and analytical (naming and defining, referring to connections).
Both the abundance of inserted constructions and their functions make contractual language unavoidably complicated, which in turn may impede the unambiguous interpretation of a contract. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the compilation of contractual texts and the training of officials.
This paper provides a review of the history of terms which were used in Croatian literary criticism and folkloristics to name oral rhetorical genres (counting-out rhymes, tongue-twisters, blessing, ...curses, verbal charms, toasts and mocking rhymes). Relative terminological stability is currently maintained in that the terms used in contemporary research are seemingly synonyms: retorički/govornički žanrovi (rhetorical/oratorical genres) or usmenoknjiževna retorika /govorništvo (oral literary rhetoric/oratory).
The paper discusses essay as a literary genre. Scholars writing about essay (Adorno, Epstein, Solar, Gaudes and Louette, etc.) try to emphasise those points which indicate a specific structure of ...essay-type discourse and its relationship with, on the one hand, literary genres and, on the other, philosophy. Further discussion focuses on juxtaposing essay and rhetoric, i.e. the way in which essay negates and revives rhetorical procedures, as well as on a complicated relationship between essay and poetry. Accordingly, essay seems to be a genre whose function is cognitive and whose reasoning is defined by means of expression, i.e. style which is the basis of the literariness of the genre.
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