This article studies the Hungarian Jewish Congress of 1868-1869 from a European perspective. During the run-up to the Congress, the Jewish press discussed intensely the organizational models found in ...Jewish history, in modern Jewries abroad, as well as in the minority churches of Hungary. Central European Jews challenged the success narrative that had come to be associated with the Napoleonic Sanhedrin and the central administration of French Jewry. Comparison with other religious unification attempts can teach us about the expectations that were projected onto the effort to control the Hungarian Jewish pluralization processes with the devices of parliamentary democracy.
The Congress did not solve the internal conflicts of the Jewish community of Nagyvárad (today Oradea, Romania). On the contrary, divergences between the two parties only deepened. The debate revolved ...around the issue whether to accept the statutes established by the Congress. In this paper, I will outline the history of status quo ante community in Nagyvárad, based on documents I found at the Bihor County Branch of the Romanian National Archives. I will examine the circumstances and conflicts that led to the emergence of this community, the administrative process related to its establishment, and its dissolution.
Hungarian Jewry has a reputation for being the most polarized of Jewries. In the popular imagination, a chasm yawned between rabid assimilationists on the one side and equally extreme ultra-Orthodox ...on the other. This study seeks to throw new light on this polarization. It will be based on a quantitative analysis of voting patterns at the Congress as well as a unique set of statistics that presents data on the relative strength of the various Jewish religious nationwide organizations at the turn of the century.
This study outlines the career of Mihály Morgenstern/Marczali (1823?-1889), the first Neolog rabbi of the Jewish community of Marcali in western Hungary, as well as his role as a representative of ...his county in the Hungarian Jewish Congress of 1868-69. Utilizing memoirs, the contemporary press and archival sources, the article provides the background to the historical and cultural circumstances that shaped his life and career, and offers an account of the turbulent local elections for the Jewish Congress in Somogy County.
Comprehending the role played by Baron József Eötvös, Minister of Religion and Education, in connection with the 1868/69 Jewish congress in Hungary is of paramount importance in better understanding ...the events that led to the schism of the Orthodox and Neolog Jewry. To fill a long-standing gap in the scholarship regarding the contextualisation of the congress, its preparations, and its repercussions in the religious policies of the Hungarian government, my paper presents the first year of Eötvös's alliance with the Neolog party. It shows that the minister's project of confessional autonomy from mid-1867 fundamentally predetermined the outlines of the congress.
The legal autonomy in religious and ecclesiastical affairs enjoyed by the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia enabled the regulation of the status of Jews. Since representatives of the Croatian Jewish ...communities did not participate in the 1868-69 Hungarian Jewish Congress, its decisions were not formally binding upon them. Nevertheless, the Congress and its outcomes resulted in the separation of the local communities into Orthodox and Neolog ones, and the legal and political resolution of the pending issues pertaining to their split resulted in the application of the Congress's decisions.
This study analyses the relationship between the 'Schism' among Hungarian Jews in the 1860s and the subsequent slow pace of their religious emancipation. It does not discuss the social, historical, ...or theoretical background of the split, focusing instead on its political consequences. The analysis is based on an examination of parliamentary documents related to legislation introduced after 1867 and articles published in the progressive Jewish press. I will argue that the failure of Jewish communities to establish a unified central authority provided arguments for political actors who were opposed to granting Jews religious equality either legally or in everyday life.
Controversial religious or quasi-religious issues were responsible for the split within Hungarian Jewry. At the Congress, dividing lines over non-religious, 'political' controversies correlated only ...loosely with those over religious issues, as a rule. In this paper we limit ourselves to corroborating this thesis by taking a closer look at three items on the Congress's political agenda: (1) electoral issues, (2) centralization, and (3) ecclesiastical analogies. The paper demonstrates the profound impact that Hungarian contemporary political discourse exerted on Congress delegates in both camps.
In the early morning of November 27, 1868, the Seventh Cavalry, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, assaulted the village of Black Kettle, the noted Cheyenne peace chief. ...The Seventh killed nearly one hundred noncombatants and few warriors, but the engagement became known as the ‘Battle of the Washita,’ named for the Washita River in western Indian Territory where the attack occurred. Americans remember similar events as massacres, but the ‘Washita Massacre’ does not exist in American memory. This thesis is a comparative work of Washita and several other sites of the Plains Indian wars. The project examines migration and the resulting racial constructions of both white Americans and the Southern Cheyenne to determine why the violence occurred and why the American public accepted a predawn assault on a sleeping village as an appropriate reaction to Cheyenne depredations against white settlers in Kansas. The thesis then explores the ways memory of Washita developed and how whites shaped the perception of the event. Last, the work then discusses the shifting understanding of Washita and recent efforts by the Cheyenne and National Park Service to include native perspectives of the event. As a result, Washita's historical interpretation is slowly becoming more balanced.
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