This groundbreaking book of literary detective work alters our understanding of T. S. Eliot's poetic masterpiece,The Waste Land. Lawrence Rainey not only resolves longstanding mysteries surrounding ...the composition of the poem but also overturns traditional interpretations of the poem that have prevailed for more than eighty years. He shines new light on Eliot's greatest achievement and on the poem's place in the modern canon.Far from the austere and sober monument to neoclassicism that admirers have praised,The Waste Landturns out to be something quite different: something grim and wild, unruly and intractable, violent and shocking and radically indeterminate, yet also deeply compassionate. Rainey looks at how Eliot went about writing the poem and at the sequence in which he composed the parts. Arriving at new insights into the poet's intentions, Rainey unsettles tradition-bound views of the poem and shows us thatThe Waste Landis even stranger and more startling than we knew.
In the light of the November 30th, 2018 (N30) earthquake activity, some neighborhoods of the city of Buenos Aires were shaken by a 3.8 mb earthquake (4.53 km estimated depth). We examined the ...historical and recent seismic records in order to analyze possible mechanisms related to the distribution of tectonic stresses as responsible for such unusual earthquakes in a region where only very little seismic activity is reported. According to this, at list one historical event occurred on June 5th, 1888 and other small magnitude earthquakes are mentioned since 1848 interpreted as being associated with the Rio de la Plata faulting. But there is, still no consensus about the role of this structure compared to other structures with orientation SW-NE. The lack of evidence to support one over the other structures makes it difficult to analyze these earthquakes. The presence of the Quilmes Trough connecting the Santa Lucía Basin in Uruguay and the Salado Basin in Argentina was recently proposed to play a tectonic role by a system of ENE-WSW trending controlled by extensional faulting related to the beginning of the Gondwana breakup. This depocenter with a thickness of almost 2,000 m of Mesozoic and Tertiary sequences could be acting as a zone of weakness in the crust and therefore responsible for the mentioned earthquake activity. The orientation of this structure correlates well with the present convergence vector between the Nazca and the South American plates and could therefore be propitious for strain release triggering shallow intraplate seismicity. We propose that most of the epicenters from historical and recent earthquakes might be aligned sub-parallel to the principal axis of the Quilmes Trough. Nevertheless, more data is needed to produce a reliable earthquake monitoring system in order to elucidate the tectonic stress regime and the existence of such structures at depth
It is generally agreed that neo-Orthodoxy in Germany began with the publication of Nineteen Letters on Judaism (1836) by Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808-1888), his first book, and declined upon the ...disintegration of the community and its institutions on the eve of World War II. The main hypothesis of this essay is that, contrary to this claim, further development of neo-Orthodox thought can be seen in the State of Israel as well, as expressed by its adherents over some fifty years. It should be emphasized that we are not dealing here with a self-declared stream of neo-Orthodoxy in Eretz Israel; rather, analysis of the theological and Zionist thought of neo-Orthodox followers, together with similarities in their biographical and social background, raise the possibility of regarding them as a unique stream within religious Zionism during the Yishuv period and the early years following the establishment of the State of Israel.
The Zionist motivation of those adherents of modern neo-Orthodoxy, who, for the most part, immigrated to Eretz Israel in the 1930s and 1940s, stemmed primarily from a desire to transform Judaism in its Halakhic sense into the foremost component of the identity, culture, and lifestyle of Jewish society in Eretz Israel. This ideology, rooted in the philosophy of Halakha held by neo-Orthodoxy and by the historical-positivist stream, underlies the thought and activism of the figures discussed in this study, and set them apart from other religious streams during the Yishuv and early statehood period. However, the cultural atmosphere in Eretz Israel in the period from the early 1940s, when the concept of political independence acquired a practical dimension, to the late 1970s, when Israeli intellectual and social discourse began to change, put them at the forefront of the struggle over the national and cultural identity of Israeli society, against two opposing streams. The first of these was hard-line Orthodoxy and its rejection of any change in Halakhic ruling necessitated by the desire to make Halakhic Judaism the theological basis of modern Jewish society, while mystical and messianic trends which had taken over the center of religious Zionism were growing stronger. The second opposing stream was socialist Zionism, which constituted the Zionist leadership during the formative Yishuv and early statehood period. Socialist Zionism, inspired by the secular Jewish Enlightenment, basically sought to design a ‘new Jewish society’ founded upon the values of the tie to the land; the Hebrew language; and the Bible, in its socialist reading. It is clear that the different portrayal of Jewish society envisioned by followers of neo-Orthodoxy, on the one hand, and by socialist Zionism, on the other, set the two streams on an inevitable collision course.
When the figures discussed here immigrated to Eretz Israel during the 1930s, it marked a new phase in the development of neo-Orthodox thought, to a great extent; its adherents were now required to put the validity of their vision of ‘all-inclusive Halakha’ to the test. This attempt, discussed in the third section, is symbolized by their participation in the settlement enterprise of the religious kibbutz movement. As we know, the religious settlement movement did not comprise only German immigrants to Eretz Israel; these were joined by groups of Hasidim from Eastern Europe. However, it would seem that the uniqueness of the figures discussed here is reflected in the Halakhic motivation for their endeavors to establish religious settlements. Contrary to the Eastern European groups, who regarded physical labor and communing with nature as a means for achieving individual transcendence, the adherents of neo-Orthodoxy regarded religious settlement activity as an important experiment for determining whether Halakha could serve as the means for forming a modern Jewish community in Eretz Israel, as an initial phase toward applying this vision to society at large. However, since rabbinical authorities ignored the Halakhic modifications needed by religious farmers, and the movement lacked political influence, the religious kibbutz movement, after years of struggle, reconciled itself to maintaining only the communal structure. This process reflected the gradual decline of neo-Orthodoxy in Israel.
By the period of the Irish Home Rule crisis - in which Catholics and liberal Anglicans lobbied for limited self-government while northern Presbyterians campaigned to keep Ulster wholly within the ...Union between Ireland and Great Britain of 1800 - certain of those of pre-Famine northern Irish Protestant origins (the "Scots-" or "Scotch-Irish") identified with the position of their Presbyterian brethren in Ulster. This identifiably Ulster Protestant engagement with the Home Rule debate is detectable (and generally overlooked) in the Scots-Irish Henry James story "The Modern Warning". Moreover, equally discounted is the fact that James's story deploys the Irish literary convention of the marriage plot as metaphor for political union in order to grapple with a moment in which that alliance is - in the unionists' view - in danger. This article concludes that the political-union-as-marriage trope still sporadically returns at moments of political crisis in the British Isles, as occurred during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum debate.
In the village of Nawojowa Góra (25km west of Kraków, Poland) there is an Italian style villa built in the years 1923–1925 for Karol Gustaw Domański (1888–1936). For one of the rooms (a bedroom), the ...owner commissioned the manufacture of furniture decorated with Egyptian motifs. Among the latter, of particular interest are two relief panels carved in oak wood and featuring the figures of ‘blind harpers’ (respectively in left and right profile). There is no doubt that the woodcarver copied one of the harpers’ figures from the tomb of Ramesses III in the Valley of the Kings. The room decoration was probably designed by Julian Krupski (1871–1954), a painter and stained-glass artist who was a friend of the owner’s family. The furniture was made in 1929 and the discussed panels are an excellent example of the Egyptomania typical of the period, triggered by the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb (1922). In this case, however, the designer made use of another resource, which had been known to science for much longer. Nevertheless, the local community has long regarded the motif as associated directly with Howard Carter’s sensational discovery.
As the issue of immigration between Mexico and the United States becomes more critical, it is increasingly important that we understand the process of development in Mexico's northern border region. ...This collection of essays offers an empirical analysis of development in Ciudad Juárez, with an emphasis on the social and spatial contexts in which economic relations occur. The analyses are framed by a general discussion of urbanization, migration, and industrialization, considered in light of the history of Mexico's northern frontier. Contributors recount the city's pattern of urban growth in response to the natural environment and the changing national culture and examine current patterns of land use, especially as compared to similar development in other Latin American cities. Other issues considered are the impact on household activities of the structure of women's participation in the maquiladora work force; the city's use of its human resources, especially in off-shore assembly activities; and the foreign orientation of the Juárez economy.
German imperialism in Europe evokes images of military aggression and ethnic cleansing. Yet, even under the Third Reich, Germans deployed more subtle forms of influence that can be called soft power ...or informal imperialism. Stephen G. Gross examines how, between 1918 and 1941, German businessmen and academics turned their nation - an economic wreck after World War I - into the single largest trading partner with the Balkan states, their primary source for development aid and their diplomatic patron. Building on traditions from the 1890s and working through transnational trade fairs, chambers of commerce, educational exchange programmes and development projects, Germans collaborated with Croatians, Serbians and Romanians to create a continental bloc, and to exclude Jews from commerce. By gaining access to critical resources during a global depression, the proponents of soft power enabled Hitler to militarise the German economy and helped make the Third Reich's territorial conquests after 1939 economically possible.
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