...influenza was believed to be caused by bacteria—namely, Haemophilus influenzae—and the notion of a viral cause at the time was still considered only hypothetical: the world would have had to wait ...until the development of the electron microscope, in the early 1930s, for the first identification of viruses. When governments started to impose quarantines, restrict public gatherings, and offer medical treatment, many people had already died in terrible conditions. In several countries, however, the biggest legacy of the 1918 influenza pandemic was the foundation of a true public health system, which happened in France, Britain, and Sweden, for example.
Franz Oppenheimer (1864-1943) was a prominent German sociologist, economist and Zionist activist. As a co-founder of academic sociology in Germany, Oppenheimer vehemently opposed the influence of ...antisemitism on the nascent field. He and other German Zionists believed Zionism could strengthen German-Jewish identity. They presented Zionism as an extension of German patriotism by positioning Zionist aspirations within a German colonial narrative.
For whom the bell tolled De Ambrogi, Marco
The Lancet infectious diseases,
January 2019, 2019-01-00, 20190101, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In the documentary, a panel of commentators, including several art historians, actress and model Lily Cole, and pop singer Iggy Pop, share their impressions on Schiele. After he was put on trial and ...condemned to a short spell in prison for public indecency, when some of his nude paintings were found hanging in his studio where local children could come and go, he used that negative fame to expand his market, this time portraying more mature women. Reflecting on one of the most controversial figures of modern art, Egon Schiele: dangerous desires is an interesting exploration of the reasons why Schiele remains a divisive artist to this very day and how his legacy has affected following generations, even outside painting.
Despite being 'one of the most distinctive and distinguished of those British poets who began to publish in the 1950s', the writer, editor, critic, and translator Jon Silkin remains a largely ...forgotten figure in contemporary poetry. However, with the publication his Complete Poems in 2015 and the availability of his archive, there has been a renewed critical interest in the charismatic, prolific, and contentious poet. Drawing heavily from Silkin's unpublished correspondence, this article contributes to this revival by exploring his place within the post-1945 Anglo-Jewish community and his relationship to his Jewish identity and cultural heritage. In particular, it investigates how the First World War poet (and fellow Anglo-Jew) Isaac Rosenberg became a vital means through which Silkin articulated his poetic identity as one caught between two hyphenated cultures and histories and defined his relationship with his Anglo-Jewish contemporaries.
This article examines the health and height of men born in England and Wales in the 1890s who enlisted in the army at the time of the First World War, using a sample of recruits from the army service ...records. These are linked to their childhood circumstances as observed in the 1901 census. Econometric results indicate that height on enlistment was positively related to socio-economic class, and negatively to the number of children in the household in 1901 and the proportion of household members who were earners, as well as to the degree of crowding. Adding the characteristics of the locality has little effect on the household-level effects. However local conditions were important; in particular the industrial character of the district, local housing conditions, and the female illiteracy rate. These are interpreted as representing the negative effect on height of the local disease environment. The results suggest that changing conditions at both household and locality levels contributed to the increase in height and health in the following decades.
The rhythm of eternity Adriaansen, Robbert-Jan
2015, 2015., 20150701, 2015-07-15, Letnik:
22
eBook, Book
The Weimar era in Germany is often characterized as a time of significant change. Such periods of rupture transform the way people envision the past, present, and future. This book traces the ...conceptions of time and history in the Germany of the early 20th century. By focusing on both the discourse and practices of the youth movement, the author shows how it reinterpreted and revived the past to overthrow the premises of modern historical thought. In so doing, this book provides insight into the social implications of the ideological de-historicization of the past.
More Americans trace their ancestry to Germany than to any other country. Arguably, German Americans form America's largest ethnic group. Yet they have a remarkably low profile today, reflecting a ...dramatic, twentieth-century retreat from German-American identity. In this age of multiculturalism, why have German Americans gone into ethnic eclipse--and where have they ended up? Becoming Old Stock represents the first in-depth exploration of that question. The book describes how German Philadelphians reinvented themselves in the early twentieth century, especially after World War I brought a nationwide anti-German backlash. Using quantitative methods, oral history, and a cultural analysis of written sources, the book explores how, by the 1920s, many middle-class and Lutheran residents had redefined themselves in "old-stock" terms--as "American" in opposition to southeastern European "new immigrants." It also examines working-class and Catholic Germans, who came to share a common identity with other European immigrants, but not with newly arrived black Southerners. Becoming Old Stock sheds light on the way German Americans used race, American nationalism, and mass culture to fashion new identities in place of ethnic ones. It is also an important contribution to the growing literature on racial identity among European Americans. In tracing the fate of one of America's largest ethnic groups, Becoming Old Stock challenges historians to rethink the phenomenon of ethnic assimilation and to explore its complex relationship to American pluralism.
Egon Schiele's work is so distinctive that it resists categorisation. Admitted to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts at just sixteen, he was an extraordinarily precocious artist, whose consummate skill ...in the manipulation of line, above all, lent a taut expressivity to all his work. Profoundly convinced of his own significance as an artist, Schiele achieved more in his abruptly curtailed youth than many other artists achieved in a full lifetime. His roots were in the Jugendstil of the Viennese Secession movement. Like a whole generation, he came under the overwhelming influence of Vienna's most charismatic and celebrated artist, Gustav Klimt. In turn, Klimt recognised Schiele's outstanding talent and supported the young artist, who within just a couple of years, was already breaking away from his mentor's decorative sensuality. Beginning with an intense period of creativity around 1910, Schiele embarked on an unflinching expose of the human form - not the least his own - so penetrating that it is clear he was examining an anatomy more psychological, spiritual and emotional than physical. He painted many townscapes, landscapes, formal portraits and allegorical subjects, but it was his extremely candid works on paper, which are sometimes overtly erotic, together with his penchant for using under-age models that made Schiele vulnerable to censorious morality. In 1912, he was imprisoned on suspicion of a series of offences including kidnapping, rape and public immorality. The most serious charges (all but that of public immorality) were dropped, but Schiele spent around three despairing weeks in prison. Expressionist circles in Germany gave a lukewarm reception to Schiele's work. His compatriot, Kokoschka, fared much better there. While he admired the Munich artists of Der Blaue Reiter, for example, they rebuffed him. Later, during the First World War, his work became better known and in 1916 he was featured in an issue of the left-wing, Berlin-based Expressionist magazine Die Aktion. Schiele was an acquired taste. From an early stage he was regarded as a genius. This won him the support of a small group of long-suffering collectors and admirers but, nonetheless, for several years of his life his finances were precarious. He was often in debt and sometimes he was forced to use cheap materials, painting on brown wrapping paper or cardboard instead of artists' paper or canvas. It was only in 1918 that he enjoyed his first substantial public success in Vienna. Tragically, a short time later, he and his wife Edith were struck down by the massive influenza epidemic of 1918 that had just killed Klimt and millions of other victims, and they died within days of one another. Schiele was just twenty-eight years old.
Otto Wagner, Kolo Moser, Gustav Klimt, and Egon Schiele, all of whom have had a lasting impact on the architecture and art of Vienna. In addition to Margarethe Stonborough-Wittgenstein, Lise Meitner, ...a pioneer of the atomic age, has recently become the subject of a comprehensive portrait by David Rennert and Tanja Traxler, two journalists of the bourgeois-liberal daily Der Standard. The artist and cook, who spent a lifetime in the shadow of her husband, the avant-garde artist Oswald Wiener, was the subject of a biography by Die Zeit journalist Carolin Würfel: Ingrid Wiener und die Kunst der Befreiung: Wien 1968 | Berlin 1972 (2019). According to the book's blurb, Ronzheimer had interviewed Kurz several times and got access to his inner circle, friends, and members of his family to compile his text.
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