O presente artigo se propõe a analisar mobilizações científicas em torno da “reversão sexual”, da “cura do homossexualismo” e do “problema” das ambiguidades sexuais ao longo das três primeiras ...décadas do século XX, focalizando formulações da endocrinologia sexual do período. O método empregado é uma discussão bibliográfica, acompanhada da análise de fontes primárias, quais sejam, livros de divulgação científica, veículos jornalísticos e volumes literários. O texto aborda como o tema da “correção das sexualidades desviantes” adequa-se não só às vogas científicas de cada período, bem como a suas preocupações morais. As conclusões apontam para sólidos laços entre ciência, política e moralidade – postos em plena evidência nos embates entre crises epistêmicas e pânicos morais – e também para o revés desse alinhamento conservador: as possibilidades que surgem a contrapelo, erguidas pela própria literatura médica e apropriadas pelos “desviantes” em questão.
A Imprensa da cidade de Mendoza (Argentina) registra numerosas atividades e práticas musicais nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Fomentada por políticas migratórias argentinas desde 1880, a chegada ...de músicos imigrantes ao país, e a Mendoza em particular, gerou a criação de numerosos conservatórios de música a partir de 1910, por iniciativa destes profissionais, fundamentalmente espanhóis e italianos. Estas instituições, de administração privada, contribuíram para estimular, em grandes setores da população, ao desejo de receber uma adequada educação musical. Se propõe abordar o trabalho educativo de Gaetanina Ciancio, pianista italiana, radicada na cidade de Mendonza desde 1919, quem funda o Conservatório Verdi em 1923. As crônicas periodísticas dão conta de inumeráveis atividades musicais e a formação de discípulos que promovem esta profissional no meio cultural de Mendoza. Como foi a inserção social de Ciancio, em sua condição de mulher estrangeira, no campo cultural de Mendoza? O marco teórico da investigação se circunscreve no campo da sociologia, da história e da musicologia histórica com os aportes de Carl Dahlhaus (1997) e Pierre Bourdieu (2002). Se realizará uma abordagem transdisciplinar, mediante a consulta e análise de fontes hemerográficas, musicais da época e testemunhos orais de familiares diretos.
This study investigates the impact of malaria eradication programs on Black-white economic disparities in the early 1900s U.S. South. Malaria eradication was widespread and improved health across ...races. Yet, only white men experienced economic benefits. Using matched census records, we find that increased exposure to the program was associated with higher schooling attainment and income for whites but not for Blacks. Blacks exposed to malaria eradication were more likely to be farm laborers, and both Blacks and whites were more likely to migrate out of state. Our findings suggest that malaria eradication, a broadly applied intervention, widened racial gaps.
Sex ratios, i.e., relative numbers of men and women, can affect marriage prospects, labor force participation, and other social and economic variables. But the observed association between sex ratios ...and social and economic conditions may be confounded by omitted variables and reverse causality. This paper uses variation in immigrant flows as a natural experiment to study the effect of sex ratios on the children and grandchildren of immigrants. The flow of immigrants affected the second-generation marriage market because second-generation marriages were mostly endogamous, i.e., to members of the same ethnic group. The empirical results suggest that high sex ratios had a large positive effect on the likelihood of female marriage, and a large negative effect on female labor force participation. Perhaps surprisingly, the marriage rates of second-generation men appear to be a slightly increasing function of immigrant sex ratios. Higher sex ratios also appear to have raised male earnings and the incomes of parents with young children. The empirical results are broadly consistent with theories where higher sex ratios increase female bargaining power in the marriage market.
From 1910–1940, the practice of business and the practice of economics came to inform one another in novel ways, a reconfiguration that included the emergence of econometrics. The core locus for this ...intersection came from the rise of commercial forecasting—whether analyses of future demand, price and cost fluctuations, or financial markets—based on the analysis of statistical data. Forecasting united a suite of specific interactions with the practice of economics: business support for the construction of specific economic data (making possible new forms of econometric analysis); the creation of a new social role: the economist/business expert with advanced academic training (who engaged in both practices and used each to serve the other); and the consequent development of new knowledge (especially in demand analysis and financial economics).
This study uses rainfall variation as an instrumental variable for rice production to estimate the impact of poverty on different types of crime across British colonies in South and South East Asia ...(1910—1940). Using original primary sources retrieved from annual administrative and statistical reports, it provides some of the first evidence in a historical setting on the causal relationship between poverty and crime. Extreme rainfall, both droughts and floods, lead to a large increase in property crimes (such as robbery, petty theft, and cattle raiding), but not to an increase in interpersonal violent crimes (such as murder, homicides, and assault). In line with a growing body of literature on the climateeconomy nexus, this study offers evidence that loss of agricultural income is one of the main causal channels leading to property crime. Additional historical information on food shortages, poverty, and crime is used to explore the connection in greater detail.
A focus on transformations in social property relations and engagement with historical sociological debates on modern state formation can contribute to an understanding of the social origins of the ...transition to capitalism in Mexico. The basis for capitalist production there was created by primitive accumulation under the conditions of uneven and combined development. This situation can be understood as a "passive revolution" based on state intervention and mass mobilization from below that shaped capital accumulation and political modernization, resulting in a form of capitalism consistent with authoritarian and hegemonic influence.
A vast majority of adults believe that class size reductions are a good way to improve the quality of public schools. Reviews of the research literature, on the other hand, have provided mixed ...messages on the degree to which class size matters for student achievement. Here I will discuss a substantial, but overlooked, body of experimental work on class size that developed prior to World War II. These field experiments did not have the benefit of modern econometrics, and only a few were done on a reasonably large scale. However, they often used careful empirical designs, and the collective magnitude of this body of work is considerable. Moreover, this research produced little evidence to suggest that students learn more in smaller classes, which stands in contrast to some, though not all, of the most recent work by economists. In this essay, I provide an overview of the scope and breadth of the field experiments in class size conducted prior to World War II, the motivations behind them, and how their experimental designs were crafted to deal with perceived sources of bias. I discuss how one might interpret the findings of these early experimental results alongside more recent research.
Modernism and Masculinity investigates the varied dimensions and manifestations of masculinity in the modernist period. Thirteen essays from leading scholars reframe critical trends in modernist ...studies by examining distinctive features of modernist literary and cultural work through the lens of masculinity and male privilege. The volume attends to masculinity as an unstable horizon of gendered ideologies, subjectivities and representational practices, allowing for fresh interdisciplinary treatments of celebrated and lesser-known authors, artists and theorists such as D. H. Lawrence, Ezra Pound, Henry Roth, Theodor Adorno and Paul Robeson as well as modernist avant-garde movements such as vorticism, surrealism and futurism. As diverse as the masculinities that were played out across the early twentieth century, the approaches and arguments featured in this collection will appeal especially to scholars and students of modernist literature and culture, gender studies and English literature more broadly.
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to identify the development of the 4Ps idea from the 1910s to the 1940s in the USA and explore its historical background.Design methodology approach - The ...historical consideration of the precedents for the 4Ps idea is not only focused just on the idea, but also on the historical context in which it was produced. The analysis will include a re-examination of the traditional "functional approach" to marketing thought, leading to different interpretations from previous research.Findings - The 4Ps idea did not suddenly appear in the 1950s, but had precedents that could be traced back to the 1910s. Based on the separation of planning from implementation and ideas on management process, the precedents for the 4Ps appeared as various discussions on components of the planning function in sales management, sales marketing policies and marketing management.Research limitations implications - The research implies the historical study could enrich our knowledge. This investigation is limited to the USA: other studies could investigate the history of marketing and marketing thought in other countries.Practical implications - Recognizing how previous marketers and marketing thinkers considered the issues could provide a broad and solid basis to explore how marketing strategy should be formed.Originality value - Identifying the antecedents of the 4Ps before the Second World War is a unique contribution to historical research in marketing. This paper provides a new interpretation of the development of marketing management and its thought.
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