2018 marks the 100-year anniversary of the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed ~50 million people worldwide. The severity of this pandemic resulted from a complex interplay between viral, host, and ...societal factors. Here, we review the viral, genetic and immune factors that contributed to the severity of the 1918 pandemic and discuss the implications for modern pandemic preparedness. We address unresolved questions of why the 1918 influenza H1N1 virus was more virulent than other influenza pandemics and why some people survived the 1918 pandemic and others succumbed to the infection. While current studies suggest that viral factors such as haemagglutinin and polymerase gene segments most likely contributed to a potent, dysregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine storm in victims of the pandemic, a shift in case-fatality for the 1918 pandemic toward young adults was most likely associated with the host's immune status. Lack of pre-existing virus-specific and/or cross-reactive antibodies and cellular immunity in children and young adults likely contributed to the high attack rate and rapid spread of the 1918 H1N1 virus. In contrast, lower mortality rate in in the older (>30 years) adult population points toward the beneficial effects of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity. In addition to the role of humoral and cellular immunity, there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that individual genetic differences, especially involving single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), contribute to differences in the severity of influenza virus infections. Co-infections with bacterial pathogens, and possibly measles and malaria, co-morbidities, malnutrition or obesity are also known to affect the severity of influenza disease, and likely influenced 1918 H1N1 disease severity and outcomes. Additionally, we also discuss the new challenges, such as changing population demographics, antibiotic resistance and climate change, which we will face in the context of any future influenza virus pandemic. In the last decade there has been a dramatic increase in the number of severe influenza virus strains entering the human population from animal reservoirs (including highly pathogenic H7N9 and H5N1 viruses). An understanding of past influenza virus pandemics and the lessons that we have learnt from them has therefore never been more pertinent.
As a typical rifted margin, the coastal region of the northern South China Sea has experienced many large crustal earthquakes in the past 400 years. For example, two destructive earthquakes with ...~M7.0 in 1600 and ~M7.5 in 1918 occurred close to the NanAo Island. However, the mechanism of these earthquakes and seismotectonics of the region are still unclear. In this work we make the first study of the detailed three-dimensional crustal structure in the source zone of the 1918 NanAo earthquake (M7.5) using newly acquired wide-angle seismic reflection data. Our results show that current seismicity mostly occurred in a midcrustal low-velocity zone or its nearby high-to-low velocity transitional areas. We ascertain locations of the ENE-strike Littoral fault zone and the NW-strike Huanggangshui fault based on the seismic reflection profiles. These faults have caused a large-scale vertical dislocation of the sedimentary basement. The structure of the upper crust is very heterogeneous, containing many high or low velocity anomalies. However, the lower crustal structure is less heterogeneous, mainly characterized by low velocity mostly in the northern part of the study area and high velocity mainly in the southern part. The crust in the seismicity zone shows strong heterogeneity, reflecting highly cracked structural features possibly caused by destructive earthquakes. We infer that the midcrustal low-velocity zone and the intersection between the Littoral fault zone and the Huanggangshui fault could reflect weak structures in the crust and form a local stress buildup, which strongly affected or controlled the generation of intraplate seismicity. The 1918 NanAo earthquake very likely occurred within the current seismicity zone with a depth range of 15–25 km estimated from our tomographic images and previous geological and geophysical results.
•A 3D crustal model constrained by wide-angle seismic data is first imaged in the source area of the 1918 Nan’ao earthquake.•Highly cracked structural featuresinthe seismicity zone is revealed, which possibly caused by destructive earthquakes.•We think the midcrustal LVZ and fault intersection could form a local stress buildup to affect intraplate seismicity.
The last day, the last hour Sharpe, Robert J
The last day, the last hour,
c2009, 20091231, 2019, 2009, 2009-09-26, 2009-12-31
eBook
The Last Day, the Last Hour reconstructs the events - military and legal - that led to the trial and the trial itself, one of the most sensational courtroom battles in Canadian history, involving ...many prominent legal, military and political figures of the 1920s.
Abstract
This article assesses the contributions of industry leaders, smaller corporations, and independent inventors to the international technological specialization of Great Britain in the ...interwar years. For the first time, we compare directly the contribution of these sources and combine the Chandlerian and “sources of invention” perspectives. The analysis is based on a novel dataset of more than 8,000 patents granted in the USA to British inventions. Our findings show the extent to which Britain integrated inventions generated by independent inventors with those of corporate inventors, i.e., industry leaders and smaller corporations, in both engineering- and science-based fields. This research highlights specificities of a former leader’s transition from the technological paradigm of the first phase of capitalism to that of the second phase.
The article identifies some of the rarely recalled phenomena accompanying Poland’s path towards independence. First is the level of economic, cultural, and everyday integration with imperial centers. ...Second is the growing intensity of interethnic strife. Third, the social turmoil, at times bordering on popular revolt, started in 1917 and lasted long after 1918. Fourth is the large-scale economic transformation and deprivations that this transformation brought about. Finally is the general longing for restoring law and order, a feeling that facilitated actions by minor groups of nationalists capable of creating at least a rudimentary state apparatus. None of the newly-created states of east central Europe was a result of consequent political action. Rather, they came into existence out of the interplay of social, economic, and cultural factors.
Rad se bavi poviješću fondova pazinskih, labinskih i porečkih kotarskih upravnih i s njima povezanih tijela iz razdoblja Druge austrijske (1814. – 1918.) uprave te rekonstruira stručne postupke ...provedene u Državnom arhivu u Trstu (1927. – 1961.) i Državnom arhivu u Pazinu (1962. – 1990.). Gradivo se tijela austrijske kotarske uprave po prestanku djelovanja njihovih stvaratelja nastavilo čuvati u pismohranama talijanskih podprefektura u Pazinu, Poreču i Labinu, sve do njihova ukidanja 1927. godine. Nakon 1927. godine prve je intervencije u ovo gradivo proveo Državni arhiv u Trstu. U prostorima samih ukinutih podprefektura provedeno je i dokumentirano odabiranje gradiva i izlučivanje, a potom su fondovi austrijskih kotarskih tijela Pazina, Labina i Poreča kao cjeline preseljeni u Arhiv u Trstu. Tijekom tršćanskoga skrbništva (1927. – 1961.) gradivo je osnovno evidentirano, bez daljnjih intervencija. Po provedenoj restituciji arhivskoga gradiva između Republike Italije i Jugoslavije, gradivo autrijske kotarske uprave s područja Patina, Labina i Poreča dodjeljuje se u skrbništvo Državnom arhivu u Pazinu, a daljnja se obrada odvija u dvjema velikim i dugotrajnim fazama. Prvu fazu čini osnovno sređivanje (1962. – 1982.), kojim je mlad i nedovoljno opremljen arhiv nastojao prvenstveno osigurati neophodnu fizičku zaštitu gradiva, udovoljiti zahtjevima za evidentiranjem i podići razinu intelektualne kontrole nad gradivom koje je zadržalo strukture formirane 1927. godine. U drugoj je fazi (1982. – 1990.), u skladu sa svim modernim stručnim smjernicama, provedena detaljna arhivističku obrada, koja je rezultirala cjelovitim preustrojem povijesnih struktura i ustrojem fondova kakvi su do danas. Na temelju povijesne arhivističke dokumentacije rad objašnjava povijesne etape obrade i evidentiranja arhivskoga gradiva, uspostavlja i obnavlja pokidane evidencijske veze i tumači promjene u nazivu fondova, vremenu nastanka gradiva pojedinih fondova te promjene u strukturama samih fondova.
The paper
deals with the history of the fonds of the Pazin, Labin and Poreč district
administrative and related bodies from the period of the Second Austrian
Administration (1814-1918) and reconstructs the professional procedures carried
out in the State Archives in Trieste (1927-1961) and the State Archives in
Pazin. (1962 - 1990). After the cessation of the activities
of their creators, the material of the bodies of the Austrian district
administration continued to be kept in the archives of the Italian
subprefectures in Pazin, Poreč and Labin, until their abolition in 1927. After
1927, the first interventions in this material were carried out by the State
Archives in Trieste. The selection and weeding of materials was carried out and
documented in the premises of the abolished subprefectures, and then the fonds
of the Austrian district authorities of Pazin, Labin and Poreč were moved as a
whole to the Archives in Trieste. During the Trieste custody (1927 - 1961), the
material was rudimentarily recorded, without further interventions. Following the restitution of archives between the Italian Republic and Yugoslavia, the material of the
Austrian district administration from the area of Pazin, Labin and Poreč was
assigned to the State Archives in Pazin, where further processing was carried
out in two major and lengthy phases: The first phase consisted of the
basic arrangement (1962-1982), during which the young and insufficiently
equipped archives sought to ensure the necessary physical protection of the
material, meet the requirements for recording and raise the level of
intellectual control over the material that retained the structures formed in
1927. In the second phase (1982-1990), in accordance with all modern professional guidelines, a detailed archival processing was carried out, which resulted in a complete reorganization of historical structures and the organization of fonds as they are today. Based on historical archival documentation, the paper explains the historical stages of processing and recording of archives, establishes and restores broken recording links and interprets changes in the name/title of fonds, the time of creation of individual fonds and the structures of the fonds.
L'oggetto del lavoro è la storia dei fondi degli organi amministrativi distrettuali di
Pisino, Albona e Parenzo nonché di quelli ad essi correlati, risalenti al periodo della Seconda amministrazione austriaca (1814-1918) e ricostruisce le procedure professionali realizzate nell'Archivio di Stato di Trieste (1927-1961) e nell'Archivio di Stato di Pisino (1962-1990). Il materiale degli organi amministrtivi distrettuali austriaci, in seguito alla cessazione delle attività dei loro produttori, si conservarono negli archivi delle sottoprefetture italiane di Pisino, Parenzo e Albona fino al momento della loro soppressione nel 1927. Dopo il 1927, i primi interventi in questo materiale furono eseguiti dall'Archivio di Stato di Trieste. Presso le sedi delle stesse sottoprefetture soppresse fu eseguita e documentata la selezione e lo scarto, e quindi, i fondi degli organi distrettuali austriaci di Pisino, Albona e Parenzo, come unità, furono trasferiti nell'Archivio di Trieste. Durante la custodia di Trieste (1927-1961), con il materiale fu eseguita la registrazione basale, senza interventi successivi. In seguito alla restituzione del materiale archivistico tra la Repubblica italiana e la Jugoslavia , il
materiale dell'amministrazione distrettuale austriaca del territorio di Pisino,
Albona e Parenzo fu assegnato alla custodia dell'Archivio di Stato di Pisino,
mentre l'elaborazione successiva si svolse in due grandi fasi di lunga durata: La prima fase consiste nella sistemazione basale (1962-1982), con la quale il nuovo e non sufficientemente attrezzato archivio ha cercato di garantire, in primo luogo, l'adeguata
protezione fisica del materiale, di soddisfare criteri per la registrazione e
di elevare il livello del controllo intelettuale sul materiale che ha conservato le strutture formate nel 1927. Nella seconda fase (1982-1990),
conforme a tutte le linee guida professionali e moderne, è stata eseguita
un'accurata elaborazione archivistica che ha portato alla completa
riorganizzazione di strutture storiche e all' organizzazione dei fondi che si è
conservata a tutt'oggi. In base alla documentazione
archivistica storica, il lavoro spiega le fasi storiche dell'elaborazione e
della registrazione del materiale archivistico,stabilisce e ricostituisce i
collegamenti interrotti nella registrazione e interpreta i cambiamenti nelle
denominazioni dei fondi, nel periodo della creazione dei singoli fondi e delle
strutture dei fondi stessi.
En este artículo se mide el impacto demográfico de la influenza de 1918 a partir del análisis de las actas de defunción del Registro Civil en Uruapan, además de la mortalidad causada por epidemias, ...endemias y la violencia, así como en los años de régimen “normal”. Asimismo, se diferencia el impacto por grupos de edad y sexo. La influenza se manifestó entre los años 1918 y 1920 en diferentes oleadas. El periodo de 1909 a 1923 mostró brotes epidémicos de enfermedades que adquirieron un carácter endémico, como la viruela y el tifo, así como la presencia de otros padecimientos contagiosos como el sarampión y el paludismo. Otro factor de mortandad fue la violencia que se desató a partir del inicio de la revolución mexicana reflejado en el aumento de homicidios.
These essays by eminent European intellectual and cultural
historian Anson Rabinbach address the writings of key figures in
twentieth-century German philosophy. Rabinbach explores their ideas
in ...relation to the two world wars and the horrors facing Europe at
that time. Analyzing the work of Benjamin and Bloch, he suggests
their indebtedness to the traditions of Jewish messianism. In a
discussion of Hugo Ball's little-known Critique of the German
Intelligentsia , Rabinbach reveals the curious intellectual
career of the Dadaist and antiwar activist turned-nationalist and
anti-Semite. His examination of Heidegger's "Letter on Humanism"
and Jaspers's The Question of German Guilt illuminates the
complex and often obscure political referents of these texts.
Turning to Horkheimer and Adorno's Dialectic of
Enlightenment , Rabinbach offers an arresting new
interpretation of this central text of the critical theory of the
Frankfurt School. Subtly and persuasively argued, his book will
become an indispensable reference point for all concerned with
twentieth-century German history and thought.
The influenza pandemic of 1918-19 was responsible for about 50 million deaths worldwide1. Modern histopathological analysis of autopsy samples from human influenza cases from 1918 revealed ...significant damage to the lungs with acute, focal bronchitis and alveolitis associated with massive pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage and rapid destruction of the respiratory epithelium2. The contribution of the host immune response leading to this severe pathology remains largely unknown. Here we show, in a comprehensive analysis of the global host response induced by the 1918 influenza virus, that mice infected with the reconstructed 1918 influenza virus displayed an increased and accelerated activation of host immune response genes associated with severe pulmonary pathology. We found that mice infected with a virus containing all eight genes from the pandemic virus showed marked activation of pro-inflammatory and cell-death pathways by 24 h after infection that remained unabated until death on day 5. This was in contrast with smaller host immune responses as measured at the genomic level, accompanied by less severe disease pathology and delays in death in mice infected with influenza viruses containing only subsets of 1918 genes. The results indicate a cooperative interaction between the 1918 influenza genes and show that study of the virulence of the 1918 influenza virus requires the use of the fully reconstructed virus. With recent concerns about the introduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses into humans and their potential to cause a worldwide pandemic with disastrous health and economic consequences, a comprehensive understanding of the global host response to the 1918 virus is crucial. Moreover, understanding the contribution of host immune responses to virulent influenza virus infections is an important starting point for the identification of prognostic indicators and the development of novel antiviral therapies.
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