At the end of 1941, six weeks after the mass deportations of
Jews from Nazi Germany had begun, Gestapo offices across the Reich
received an urgent telex from Adolf Eichmann, decreeing that all
...war-wounded and decorated Jewish veterans of World War I be
exempted from upcoming "evacuations." Why this was so, and how
Jewish veterans at least initially were able to avoid the fate of
ordinary Jews under the Nazis, is the subject of Comrades
Betrayed .
Michael Geheran deftly illuminates how the same values that
compelled Jewish soldiers to demonstrate bravery in the front lines
in World War I made it impossible for them to accept passively, let
alone comprehend, persecution under Hitler. After all, they upheld
the ideal of the German fighting man, embraced the fatherland, and
cherished the bonds that had developed in military service. Through
their diaries and private letters, as well as interviews with
eyewitnesses and surviving family members and records from the
police, Gestapo, and military, Michael Geheran presents a major
challenge to the prevailing view that Jewish veterans were left
isolated, neighborless, and having suffered a social death by
1938.
Tracing the path from the trenches of the Great War to the
extermination camps of the Third Reich, Geheran exposes a painful
dichotomy: while many Jewish former combatants believed that
Germany would never betray them, the Holocaust was nonetheless a
horrific reality. In chronicling Jewish veterans' appeal to older,
traditional notions of comradeship and national belonging,
Comrades Betrayed forces reflection on how this group made
use of scant opportunities to defy Nazi persecution and, for some,
to evade becoming victims of the Final Solution.
За допомогою теорії Луї Альтюссера проаналізовано ідеологічні інтерпеляції в сучасних українських фільмах про УНР, що утверджують «національний/націоналістичний історичний наратив» (термін Георгія ...Касьянова). Цей наратив був одним із центральних елементів консервативної ідеології часів президентства Петра Порошенка та утверджувався на рівні державних ідеологічних апаратів (Українського інституту національної пам’яті, Державного агентства України з питань кіно). Розглянуто дискусії щодо того, чи може історичний фільм претендувати на валідну історичну репрезентацію, з’ясовано його вплив на формування уявлень про минуле та роль в історичній політиці. Продемонстровано те, як стрічки «Таємний щоденник Симона Петлюри» та «Крути 1918» як інструменти історичної політики вбудовуються в логіку «реверсивної історії» в межах «національного/націоналістичного наративу»; актуалізують події часів УНР, щоб використати їх як легітимаційний ресурс; мобілізують та демонструють «вічний» характер російської агресії проти України.
The 1918 influenza A virus (IAV) caused the worst flu pandemic in human history. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is an important virulence factor of the 1918 IAV and antagonizes host antiviral immune ...responses. NS1 increases virulence by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) via binding to the p85β subunit of PI3K. Intriguingly, unlike the NS1 of other human IAV strains, 1918 NS1 hijacks another host protein, CRK, to form a ternary complex with p85β, resulting in hyperactivation of PI3K. However, the molecular basis of the ternary interaction between 1918 NS1, CRK, and PI3K remains elusive. Here, we report the structural and thermodynamic bases of the ternary interaction. We find that the C-terminal tail (CTT) of 1918 NS1 remains highly flexible in the complex with p85β. Thus, the CTT of 1918 NS1 in the complex with PI3K can efficiently hijack CRK. Notably, our study indicates that 1918 NS1 enhances its affinity to p85β in the presence of CRK, which might result in enhanced activation of PI3K. Our results provide structural insight into how 1918 NS1 hijacks two host proteins simultaneously.
Twilight of empire Chernev, Borislav
Twilight of empire,
2017, 20170516, 2017, 2017-05-16, 2017-06-16
eBook
Borislav Chernev, through an insightful and in-depth analysis of primary sources and archival material, argues that although its duration was short lived, the Brest-Litovsk settlement significantly ...affected the post-Imperial transformation of East Central Europe.
The effect of the 1918 influenza pandemic on other diseases is a neglected topic in historical epidemiology. This paper takes up the hypothesis that the influenza pandemic affected the long-term ...decline of tuberculosis through selective mortality, such that many people with tuberculosis were killed in 1918, depressing subsequent tuberculosis mortality and transmission. Regularly collected vital statistics data on mortality of influenza and tuberculosis in the US are presented and analyzed demographically. The available population-level data fail to contradict the selection hypothesis. More work is needed to understand fully the role of multiple morbidities in the 1918 influenza pandemic.
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease pandemic poses a serious threat. While its short-term effects are evident, its long-term consequences are a matter of analysis. In this work, the existence of ...long-lasting negative effects derived from exposure in utero to a great pandemic -1918 influenza pandemic- is analysed for the Argentine case.
Outcomes of interest include educational achievement and unemployment status in adulthood -50 years after the pandemic. Based on a regression analysis, temporal differences in the spread of the pandemic and between close birth cohorts are exploited.
The results indicate a significant reduction in educational achievement for people exposed in utero to the pandemic. In the region with the highest incidence of cases (Noroeste), this reduction is 0.5 years of education. There are no significant changes in the chances of being unemployed. In the context of climate change, these results constitute a call of attention for the implementation of child protection policies from gestation.
This book examines the nature of the secret services and the role of the secret police in Britain, Russia, and Germany during the interwar years. It traces the growth of the secret services and ...police in these countries, indicating how they differed in their development. The SIS (MI6), MI5 and Special Branch in England appeared more like a Gentleman's Club from Eton and Oxbridge, especially when compared to the German Gestapo, SS-SD, and Abwehr in Germany, and the Cheka, GPU, NKVD and KGB in Stalinist Russia. The British were short of money and resources, while the Germans were interested in establishing their services, and the Soviet Union poured in money, but with the emphasis on internal repression. It was the emerging signals of another World War which defined the shapes of their secret services, which later had long-term consequences for the Cold War.
The author has used the 100th anniversary of the foundation of Czechoslovakia to review its history and historiography. He confronts traditional (positive) myths with the current, intentionally ...extreme and historical facts disregarding critiques of „Masaryk's Republic". To this end, the author puts the Czechoslovak narrative, usually presented in isolation, into Central European and pan-European contexts and comparisons. For it is only those contexts that, indeed, provide the framework for assessing this democratic experiment. Therefore, the author sketches the foundation of the Czechoslovak republic within the context of the collapse of the Central European monarchies transformed into military dictatorships during World War I. Further, he portrays the entrenchment of Czechoslovak democracy within the framework of the efforts of the Allied powers to base the post-war peace in Europe upon a system of democratic republics and the principle of collective security. Nazi Germany's de facto annexation of democratic Czechoslovakia is then depicted as a result of the collapse of this European system once the great Western powers effectively abandoned it and the power of the main European dictatorships grew rapidly..
Teatr krakowski odegrał szczególną rolę w rytuale przejścia od zniewolenia do wolności odzyskanej w 1918 i szybko sam stał się obiektem silnej mitologizacji. Jej źródło stanowią zrealizowane na tej ...scenie prapremiery polskiego repertuaru romantycznego oraz wpływ, jaki wywarł Stanisław Wyspiański, posługujący się językiem mitu i symboliką szczątków, zarazem dekonstruktor redefiniujący zastane tropy, legendy i symbole. Gdy w latach budowania drugiej Rzeczypospolitej pojawiła się potrzeba stworzenia nowych mitów, sięgano m.in. do romantyków i Wyspiańskiego. Jednym z istotnych nurtów nowej narracji była legenda Józefa Piłsudskiego - narodowego wybawcy - oraz mit „świętych” Legionów. W artykule podjęto próbę omówienia ich funkcjonowania w teatrze krakowskim aż po moment wybuchu drugiej wojny światowej. Na nowego Króla-Ducha z poematu Słowackiego i nowego Konrada z Dziadów Mickiewicza i Wyzwolenia Wyspiańskiego był kreowany Piłsudski. Wzmagający się, szczególnie po przewrocie majowym w 1926, proces mitologizacji oraz rozrastania się piłsudczykowskich i legionowych performansów celebracyjnych ogarnął z czasem całe miasto, a nawet kraj, zagarniając zarówno zbiorowe afekty, jak i przestrzeń publiczną. Służyły temu wielkie performanse funebralne, takie jak wawelski pochówek sprowadzonych z Francji szczątków Słowackiego, a następnie monumentalny pogrzeb Piłsudskiego, który odbył się z zachowaniem podobnego rytu. Ostatnim widowiskiem o podobnym charakterze była monumentalna plenerowa inscenizacja Hymnu na cześć oręża polskiego Ludwika Hieronima Morstina wystawiona na Wawelu w sierpniu 1939. Te trzy performance niejako wstrzymywały zbiorowo doświadczany, historyczny czas i wprawiały go w stan cyklicznego, funebralnego rytuału-święta.
The First World War and the events concluding 1918, namely the unification of Transylvania with the old Kingdom of Romania, changed not only the geographical frontiers of the former ...Austrian-Hungarian province, but also the mental ones, which are less evident from the official documents of the era. The purpose of our exploratory study is to use edited archival documents, memoirs, and parochial chronicles in order to reconstruct the local context in which the transition from the ‘old’ to the ‘new order’ unfolded. The study focuses on a clearly delimited geographical area with a distinctive historical evolution: the region of Năsăud. Using the memoirs of veterinarian Pavel Tofan as a case study, we focused on identifying the symbolic gestures which mentally transformed the inhabitants of this region from loyal subjects of the Emperor in Vienna to Romanian citizens, loyal to the King of United Romania.
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