A importação regular de penicilina para Portugal iniciou-se em Setembro de 1944 através da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa. Até Junho de 1945 a importação e distribuição do medicamento foram controladas por ...esta instituição humanitária mas a partir desta data, com o aumento da produção mundial, a penicilina começou a ser importada por intermédio da indústria farmacêutica. No Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra consultamos papeletas (processos individuais) de doentes internados nos Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra desde Setembro de 1944 até Agosto de 1946. A investigação realizada permitiu-nos recolher informações sobre a introdução da penicilina e sobre os primeiros tratamentos efetuados com o medicamento nestes hospitais. Com base nos dados recolhidos pretendemos, pelo presente artigo, mostrar como foi feita a receção da penicilina num hospital central de grande dimensão, um dos principais hospitais portugueses, saber a frequência com que era prescrita, as patologias mais comuns em que era empregue, as doses administradas, a posologia e o tempo de tratamento assim como os clínicos responsáveis pela sua prescrição.
Black France, White Europe
illuminates the deeply entangled history of European
integration and African decolonization. Emily Marker maps
the horizons of belonging in postwar France as leaders ...contemplated
the inclusion of France's old African empire in the new
Europe-in-the-making. European integration intensified longstanding
structural contradictions of French colonial rule in Africa: Would
Black Africans and Black African Muslims be French? If so, would
they then also be European? What would that mean for republican
France and united Europe more broadly?
Marker examines these questions through the lens of youth, amid
a surprising array of youth and education initiatives to stimulate
imperial renewal and European integration from the ground up. She
explores how education reforms and programs promoting solidarity
between French and African youth collided with transnational
efforts to make young people in Western Europe feel more European.
She connects a particular postwar vision for European unity-which
coded Europe as both white and raceless, Christian and
secular-to crucial decisions about what should be taught in African
classrooms and how many scholarships to provide young Africans to
study and train in France. That vision of Europe also informed
French responses to African student activism for racial and
religious equality, which ultimately turned many young francophone
Africans away from France irrevocably. Black France, White
Europe shows that the interconnected history of colonial and
European youth initiatives is key to explaining why, despite
efforts to strengthen ties with its African colonies in the 1940s
and 1950s, France became more European during those years.
Drugging France Black, Sara E
2022, 2022-09-15, Letnik:
5
eBook
Nineteenth-century drug consumption permeated French society and encouraged the chemical enhancement of modern life. Drugging France highlights the medical histories of these drugs, chronicling how ...doctors transformed exotic botanicals and unpredictable chemicals into substances that reconfigured how people experienced their minds and bodies.
Britain and France have developed substantially different policies to manage racial tensions since the 1960s, in spite of having similar numbers of post-war ethnic minority immigrants. This book ...provides the first detailed historical exploration of race policy development in these two countries. In this path-breaking work, Bleich argues against common wisdom that attributes policy outcomes to the role of powerful interest groups or to the constraints of existing institutions, instead emphasizing the importance of frames as widely-held ideas that propelled policymaking in different directions. British policymakers' framing of race and racism principally in North American terms of color discrimination encouraged them to import many policies from across the Atlantic. For decades after WWII, by contrast, French policy leaders framed racism in terms influenced largely by their Vichy past, which encouraged policies designed primarily to counter hate speech while avoiding the recognition of race found across the English Channel.
The writing and reading of history in the early Middle Ages form the key themes of this 2004 book. The primary focus is on the remarkable manifestations of historical writing in relation to ...historical memory in the Frankish kingdoms of the eighth and ninth centuries. It considers the audiences for history in the Frankish kingdoms, the recording of memory in new genres including narrative histories, cartularies and Libri memoriales, and thus particular perceptions of the Frankish and Christian past. It analyses both original manuscript material and key historical texts from the Carolingian period, a remarkably creative period in the history of European culture. Presentations of the past developed in this period were crucial in forming an historical understanding of the Greco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian past and, in subsequent centuries, of early medieval Europe. They also played an extraordinarily influential role in the formation of political ideologies and senses of identity within Europe.
Apostles of Empire is a revisionist history of the French Jesuit mission to indigenous North Americans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, offering a comprehensive view of a transatlantic ...enterprise in which secular concerns were integral. Between 1611 and 1764, 320 Jesuits were sent from France to North America to serve as missionaries. Most labored in colonial New France, a vast territory comprising eastern Canada and the Great Lakes region that was inhabited by diverse Native American populations. Although committed to spreading Catholic doctrines and rituals and adapting them to diverse indigenous cultures, these missionaries also devoted significant energy to more-worldly concerns, particularly the transatlantic expansion of the absolutist-era Bourbon state and the importation of the culture of elite, urban French society. In Apostles of Empire Bronwen McShea accounts for these secular dimensions of the mission’s history through candid portraits of Jesuits engaged in a range of secular activities. We see them not only preaching and catechizing in terms that borrowed from indigenous idioms but also cultivating trade and military partnerships between the French and various Indian tribes.  Apostles of Empire contributes to ongoing research on the Jesuits, New France, and Atlantic World encounters, as well as on early modern French society, print culture, Catholicism, and imperialism. McShea shows how the Jesuits’ robust conceptions of secular spheres of Christian action informed their efforts from both sides of the Atlantic to build up a French and Catholic empire in North America through significant indigenous cooperation.
Die Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie zählen zu den renommiertesten Fachpublikationen der Romanistik. Sie pflegen ein gesamtromanisches Profil, das neben den Nationalsprachen auch ...die weniger im Fokus stehenden romanischen Sprachen mit einschließt. In der Reihe erscheinen ausgewählte Monographien und Sammelbände zur Sprachwissenschaft in ihrer ganzen Breite, zur mediävistischen Literaturwissenschaft und zur Editionsphilologie.
Challenging the traditional narrative of an orderly establishment of law, sovereignty, and authority in the colony, Disputing New France reveals how negotiations and contestations among a range of ...actors actively shaped empire building, offering readers an intertwined history of French state formation and empire building in New France.
An anonymous minstrel in thirteenth-century France composed this gripping account of historical events in his time. Crusaders and Muslim forces battle for control of the Holy Land, while power ...struggles rage between and among religious authorities and their conflicting secular counterparts, pope and German emperor, the kings of England and the kings of France. Meanwhile, the kings cannot count on their independent-minded barons to support or even tolerate the royal ambitions. Although politics (and the collapse of a royal marriage) frame the narrative, the logistics of war are also in play: competing military machinery and the challenges of transporting troops and matariel. Inevitably, the civilian population suffers. The minstrel was a professional story-teller, and his livelihood likely depended on his ability to captivate an audience. Beyond would-be objective reporting, the minstrel dramatizes events through dialogue, while he delves into the motives and intentions of important figures, and imparts traditional moral guidance. We follow the deeds of many prominent women and witness striking episodes in the lives of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard the Lionhearted, Blanche of Castile, Frederick the Great, Saladin, and others. These tales survive in several manuscripts, suggesting that they enjoyed significant success and popularity in their day. Samuel N. Rosenberg produced this first scholarly translation of the Old French tales into English. References that might have been obvious to the minstrel’s original audience are explained for the modern reader in the indispensable annotations of medieval historian Randall Todd Pippenger. The introduction by eminent medievalist William Chester Jordan places the minstrel’s work in historical context and discusses the surviving manuscript sources.
PDF
