In an act of totally unnecessary and wanton destruction, British forces in China during the Second Opium War (1856-1860) looted and destroyed much of the Old Imperial Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) ...including three imperial gardens and hundreds of halls, pavilions, and temples stock full of ancient artwork, antiquities, and literary works. More than a hundred years later, President Xi Jinping (2013- ) of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) proclaimed the “rejuvenation” of the Chinese nation with the economic and especially military power to prevent any such recurrence of “national humiliation.” Though not yet a superpower equal in global stature to the United States, the PRC is undoubtedly poised to become the equal if not the superior power in the Asia-Pacific region expanding its territorial claims in the South China Sea and asserting undisputed economic dominance. With government, business, and academic leaders debating how regional and global powers should respond to a rising China. Historical Dictionary of Chinese Foreign Affairs contains a chronology, an introduction, a glossary, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 300 cross-referenced entries on major events, national institutions, foreign nations, and personages impacting Chinese foreign affairs along with the many institutions of the post-World War II international order that the PRC has engaged especially since the 1970s. This book is an excellent resource for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about Chinese foreign affairs.
Righteous Revolutionaries illustrates how states appeal to popular morality—shared understandings of right and wrong—to forge new group identities and mobilize violence against perceived threats to ...their authority. Jeffrey A. Javed examines the Chinese Communist Party’s mass mobilization of violence during its land reform campaign in the early 1950s, one of the most violent and successful state-building efforts in history. Using an array of novel archival, documentary, and quantitative historical data, this book illustrates that China’s land reform campaign was not just about economic redistribution but rather part of a larger, brutally violent state-building effort to delegitimize the new party-state’s internal rivals and establish its moral authority. Righteous Revolutionaries argues that the Chinese Party-state simultaneously removed perceived threats to its authority at the grassroots and bolstered its legitimacy through a process called moral mobilization. This mobilization process created a moral boundary that designated a virtuous ingroup of “the masses” and a demonized outgroup of “class enemies,” mobilized the masses to participate in violence against this broadly defined outgroup, and strengthened this symbolic boundary by making the masses complicit in state violence. Righteous Revolutionaries shows how we can find traces of moral mobilization in China today under Xi Jinping’s rule. In an era where states and politicians regularly weaponize moral emotions to foment intergroup conflict and violence, understanding the dynamics of violent mobilization and state authority are more relevant than ever before.
The first expansion of Opus Dei in Italy, in 1949, is described: this consists of an overview together with the criteria given by St. Josemaría for undertaking the trips to make Opus Dei known. With ...the help of the notes of Luigi Tirelli, one of the people involved in the trips, we focus on the activities carried out in Sicily (Palermo and Catania) up until the opening of the first center of the Work in Palermo (1949). To conclude, an outline of the trips to Italian cities is presented.
The article presents the determinants shaping and the development of the sports movement of the Jewish people living in Łódź in the first post-war years. When the German troops left the city of Łódź ...in 1945, the Jewish people started to arrive in the city. The cultural autonomy present in the years 1945 – 1949 enabled the reactivation of socio-cultural life among the Jews, involving sport. The main factors that affected the development of Jewish sport after WW2 were the Jewish emigration and resettlement to the so called Regained Territories. Until 1949 there were four Jewish sports clubs in Łódź: “Makabi” Jewish Sports Club, the Jewish Chess Club, “Jedność” Jewish Sports Club, “Gwiazda” Jewish Workers Sports Club. Their activities aimed at biological recovery of the Jewish people. The clubs representing the highest sporting level participated in sports associations competitions. The most successful were the chess players from the Jewish Chess Club in Łódź and the table tennis players from “Gwiazda” Jewish Workers Sports Club. The change in the State’s policy towards the Jews and the Stalinisation of Polish sport led to the disappearance of the Jewish clubs. Part of the sportsmen emigrated, others joined the sport model imposed by the Communists. In Łódź the Jewish clubs merged in “Spójnia-Solidarność” Union Sports Club, which was subordinated to “Spójnia” Sports Association.
During the Nazi era, about three million Jews and tens of thousands of Sinti and Roma were deported to ghettos, camps, and extermination centers, where most of them were murdered. In over 20 ...contributions, scholars from different countries examine the deportations through a variety of perspectives and questions, with a special emphasis on the discussion of historical source material.
Haruki Murakami Strecher, Matthew C; Thomas, Paul L
2016, 2016-03-22, Letnik:
7
eBook
Japanese writer Haruki Murakami has achieved incredible popularity in his native country and world-wide as well as rising critical acclaim. Murakami, in addition to receiving most of the major ...literary awards in Japan, has been nominated several times for the Nobel Prize. Yet, his relationship with the Japanese literary community proper (known as the Bundan) has not been a particularly friendly one.One of Murakami's central and enduring themes is a persistent warning not to suppress our fundamental desires in favor of the demands of society at large. Murakami's writing over his career reveals numerous recurring motifs, but his message has also evolved, creating a catalogue of works that reveals Murakami to be a challenging author. Many of those challenges lie in Murakami's blurring of genre as well as his rich blending of Japanese and Western mythologies and styles-all while continuing to offer narratives that attract and captivate a wide range of readers. Murakami is, as Oe Kenzaburo once contended, not a "Japanese writer" so much as a global one, and as such, he merits a central place in the classroom in order to confront readers and students, but to be challenged as well.Reading, teaching, and studying Murakami serves well the goal of rethinking this world. It will open new lines of inquiry into what constitutes national literatures, and how some authors, in the era of blurred national and cultural boundaries, seek now to transcend those boundaries and pursue a truly global mode of expression.
Recent years have witnessed a renewed debate over the costs at which the benefits of free markets have been bought. This book revisits the moral and political philosophy of Adam Smith, capitalism's ...founding father, to recover his understanding of the morals of the market age. In so doing it illuminates a crucial albeit overlooked side of Smith's project: his diagnosis of the ethical ills of commercial societies and the remedy he advanced to cure them. Focusing on Smith's analysis of the psychological and social ills endemic to commercial society - anxiety and restlessness, inauthenticity and mediocrity, alienation and individualism - it argues that Smith sought to combat corruption by cultivating the virtues of prudence, magnanimity and beneficence. The result constitutes a new morality for modernity, at once a synthesis of commercial, classical and Christian virtues and a normative response to one of the most pressing political problems of Smith's day and ours.
Taiwan in Troubled Times is concerned with Taiwan's politics and its relations with China following the election of Chen Shui-bian as President in March 2000. This event created problems between ...Taiwan and China and led to political gridlock in Taiwan. The Chen Administration is evaluated in this book. So is President Chen's party, which evolved as an opposition party and is now in power but is unaccustomed to the role.
From Israel's establishment as a state to the Egyptian-Israeli
peace treaty, this work analyzes the role of third-party mediators
of the Arab-Israeli dispute. What interests prompted the mediators
to ...undertake their efforts? What effect did their intervention have
on regional and global power struggles? Did the mediators actually
make any difference? In a thorough treatment of the struggle for a
negotiated peace, Saadia Touval answers these questions and tests
his answers against the existing theories of international
relations. Including a discussion of both United States and United
Nations attempts at mediation, and providing a detailed picture of
American-Israeli relations, he maintains that successful mediators
do not have to be impartial. Drawing on official documents,
memoirs, and other sources, this book discusses the mediation
efforts of Count Folke Bernadotte; Ralph Bunche; the United Nations
Palestine Conciliation Commission; President Eisenhower's emissary,
Robert Anderson; Gunnar Jarring; the 1971 mission of the African
heads of state; and Secretaries of State William Rogers and Henry
Kissinger. Finally the author analyzes President Jimmy Carter's
mediation, which led to the Camp David accords and the signing of
the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty. Since 1948 various powers have
sought to protect their own interests by active assistance to one
party or another in the Arab-Israeli struggle. This book shows how
those countries and institutions that have attempted to mediate the
conflict have also acted out of self-interest.
