Taxes and female labor supply Kaygusuz, Remzi
Review of economic dynamics,
10/2010, Letnik:
13, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 and the Tax Reform Act of 1986 changed the U.S. income tax structure in a dramatic fashion. In particular, these two reforms reduced the marginal tax rates for ...married households. In this paper I investigate what part of the rise in labor force participation of married women between 1980 to 1990 (a rise of 13 percentage points) can be accounted by the changes in taxes. I build an heterogeneous agent model populated by married households. Households differ by age and educational attainment levels of their members and decide whether the second earner, the wife, should participate in the labor market. I select parameter values so that the model economy is consistent with the 1980 U.S. economy in terms of income tax structure, wages (skill premium and gender gap), marital sorting (who is married with whom), and female labor force participation. Using counterfactual experiments I find that 20–24 percent of the rise in married female labor force participation is accounted for by the changes in the income tax structure. Changes in wages account for 62–64 percent, and changes in marital sorting account for 14–16 percent of the rise in the participation rate of married women.
Race, Immigrant Status, and Housing Tenure Choice Painter, Gary; Gabriel, Stuart; Myers, Dowell
Journal of urban economics,
January 2001, 2001, 2001-01-00, 20010101, Letnik:
49, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This paper applies Census microdata from 1980 and 1990 to assess the determinants of housing tenure choice among racial and ethnic groups in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Like previous research, ...our results indicate that endowment differences (income, education, and immigrant status) largely explain the homeownership gap between Latinos and whites. In contrast to previous work, we find that Asians are as likely to choose homeownership as are whites, and that status as an immigrant did not portend lower homeownership rates among Asians. However, the endowment-adjusted homeownership choice differential between whites and blacks remains sizable; furthermore, that gap more than doubled between 1980 and 1990, to a full 11 percentage points.
A detailed data set covering every quarter section in suburban Chicago is used to identify employment subcenters and to determine their influence on employment density. Proximity to the 20 identified ...subcenters is used to explain employment density in 1980 and 1990. We argue that density functions are subject to selection bias, and we find significant correlations between employment density and selection equation errors. Subcenter proximity has a significant influence on expected density independent of distance from the Chicago central business district, O'Hare Airport, highway interchanges, and rail lines, suggesting that subcenters offer significant advantages beyond simple access to the transportation network.
In 1980, 6.4% of the US work force was foreign-born; in 1994, 9.7% of the work force was foreign-born. Over the same period, imports brought the output of less-skilled foreign workers into the US, ...while the export of skill-intensive products raised the demand for skilled workers, further altering the skill content of US labor supply/demand. The estimated effect of immigration on native-labor outcomes depends critically on the empirical experiment used to assess immigration. Cross-sectional comparisons of wages and immigration in the 1980 and 1990 censuses yield unstable results which cast doubt on the validity of these calculations. Analyzing changes over time for various education groups within regions gives negative estimated immigration effects, which increase in magnitude the wider the areas covered. Evidence that native migration responds to immigrant flows suggest that area comparisons understate the potential adverse effect of immigration-induced increases in labor supply on native wages.
While a widespread view says that competitive pressure does influence productivity, and some theoretical reasons to expect gains to exist, the amount of evidence to support this view is not ...overwhelming. This lack of evidence may well stem from issues such as policy endogeneity. Here a situation akin to a natural experiment is studied in which competitive pressure was brought upon producers by a shrinking market for their product. In particular, the increased competitive pressure iron-ore producers faced in the early 1980s and their subsequent labor-productivity gains in the 1980s. It is argued that productivity gains were primarily driven by continuing mines, producing the same products, and using existing technology.
Die Arbeit untersucht die Arbeiten namhafter Schriftsteller und Theoretiker der französischen und italienischen Gegenwartsliteratur v.a. aus den 80er und 90er Jahren. Im einzelnen handelt es sich um ...Texte von Julia Kristeva, Philippe Sollers, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Georges Perec, Italo Calvino und Roland Barthes. Die Paradoxie des Begriffs Postavantgarde erscheint dabei als grundlegend für Selbstreflexion und Selbstbeschreibung von Autoren, die lange Zeit als Vertreter avantgardistischer Gruppierungen wie Tel Quel, Nouveau Roman und Oulipo gegolten haben. Die Reflexion historischer Grenzen ahistorischer, formalistischer und selbstreferentieller Theoriebildung sowie der ihr zugeordneten narrativen Praxis, die Frage nach der Evolution literarischer Formen sind zentrale Bestandteile der Suche nach einem ästhetischen Programm. Wichtige literarische Schlagworte der letzten dreißig Jahre (u.a. Intertextualität) werden einer Revision unterzogen. Die poetologische Reflexion verläuft dabei zwischen den Extremen einer Rückkehr traditioneller Erzählformen und eines Formenpluralismus im Zeichen der Beliebigkeit; die Auseinandersetzung mit der Geschichtlichkeit der literarischen Form erweist sich als gemeinsamer Nenner und origineller Beitrag der (Selbst-)Beobachtung der Autoren. Dies schließt subjekttheoretische Überlegungen mit ein. Vor dem Hintergrund systemtheoretischer Überlegungen versucht die Arbeit die Gesamtbetrachtung einer wichtigen Epochenschwelle der Gegenwartsliteratur. Ihre Perspektive reicht vom "Nullpunkt der Literatur" (Barthes) bis zu den "Sechs Vorschlägen für das nächste Jahrtausend" (Calvino); die Untersuchung stellt die Frage nach Entwicklungspotentialen von Literatur in einem medialen Kontext, in dem ihr die avantgardistische Position nicht mehr zuzukommen scheint.
Recognizing that gains historically attributed to trade capture instead the roles of institutions and geography, we estimate the relationship between labor productivity and trade for a panel of ...countries, 1980 to 2000. We use real and nominal openness as measures of trade. The endogeneity of trade and institutional quality is accounted for with instruments. Our trade instrument is based on a theoretically motivated gravity equation and uses a more comprehensive data set than in related studies. Fixed-and random-effects and system-GMM panel estimation methods address potential biases associated with cross-section estimations. We find a robust relationship between real openness and labor productivity from the 1990s. Countries that trade more generate higher levels of productivity, supporting an institutional theory of growth. We find evidence that countries with low-quality institutions benefit from openness to trade and that the positive effect of trade on labor productivity is lower for more populated countries.
We extend Healy (1985) by examining the relation between discretionary accruals and bonus plan bounds for a sample of 102 firms for the 1980–1990 period. Contrary to Healy, we find that when earnings ...before discretionary accruals fall below the lower bound, managers select income-
increasing discretionary accruals (and vice versa). We believe that our results are more consistent with the income smoothing hypothesis than with Healy's bonus hypothesis. However, mechanical selection bias in portfolio formation cannot be entirely ruled out as an alternative explanation for our results.
We analyze wage inequality, extending the Burdett and Mortensen (International Economic Review 39 (1998), 257—73) model by incorporating worker heterogeneity through skill requirements. We provide ...sufficient conditions for existence of an equilibrium where more productive firms offer higher wages. The unique such equilibrium is characterized in a closed form solution. Both within- and between-group inequality are explicitly calculated. We then calibrate the model to explain the joint movement of both within- and between-group inequality in the late 1980s and 1990s, an explanation that has been elusive in the literature so far.
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