The Economics of Fair Trade Dragusanu, Raluca; Giovannucci, Daniele; Nunn, Nathan
The Journal of economic perspectives,
07/2014, Letnik:
28, Številka:
3
Journal Article
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Fair Trade is a labeling initiative aimed at improving the lives of the poor in developing countries by offering better terms to producers and helping them to organize. Although Fair Trade–certified ...products still comprise a small share of the market—for example, Fair Trade–certified coffee exports were 1.8 percent of global coffee exports in 2009— growth has been very rapid over the past decade. Whether Fair Trade can achieve its intended goals has been hotly debated in academic and policy circles. In particular, debates have been waged about whether Fair Trade makes “economic sense” and is sustainable in the long run. The aim of this article is to provide a critical overview of the economic theory behind Fair Trade, describing the potential benefits and potential pitfalls. We also provide an assessment of the empirical evidence of the impacts of Fair Trade to date. Because coffee is the largest single product in the Fair Trade market, our discussion here focuses on the specifics of this industry, although we will also point out some important differences with other commodities as they arise.
By matching a large database of individual macroforecaster data with the universe of sizable natural disasters across 54 countries, we identify a set of new stylized facts: forecasters are ...persistently heterogeneous in how often they issue or revise a forecast; information rigidity declines significantly following large, unexpected natural disaster shocks; and disagreement decreases among inattentive agents while it might increase for attentive ones. We develop a learning model that captures the two channels through which natural disaster shocks affect expectation formation: attention effect—the visibly large shocks induce immediate and synchronized updating of information for inattentive agents—and uncertainty effect—attentive agents might increase their acquisition of private information to compensate for the higher uncertainty after shocks.
This article aims to reflect on the multiple dimensions of the Czech party system, examine it for breaking points and, at the intersection of these points, periodize the developments in the years ...1989–2014. Attention is paid to four different party system variables – party format, party type, extent of bipolarity, and formation of coalitions and coalition relations.
Although agricultural subsidies were begun during the New Deal to provide enough income to enable farmers to continue operating, their net effect has been to raise the price of farmland and to ...squeeze many owner-operated farms out of existence, leaving mostly large-scale operations that are often tied to agribusiness. Numerous efforts have been made, with limited success, to mitigate this problem by limiting the subsidy to small or mid-size farm operations. The 2014 farm bill, adopted by the U.S. Congress, made the situation worse. Rather than imposing stricter limits on subsidies to the largest farms, the legislation removed existing limits, ended direct payments, and increased subsidies for insurance against crop losses and income risk. The new law not only provides a windfall to owners of very large farms, it also encourages plowing of fragile soils, since the risks of crop failure are now borne primarily by taxpayers. The article concludes by offering recommendations about how to correct these problems
Application of the authors' GIS <<Cholera 1989-2014>> for systematization of atoxigenic strains ofserogroup 01 choleravibrios (ctxAB-tcpA-, ctxAB-tcpA+), isolated from aquatic objects of the ...environment by pheno- and genotype.
A sample of 304 Vibrio cholerae 01 strains was studied. Isolation of 39 genes related to pathogenicity was carried out Discrimination ability of a set of genes was determined by Simpson formula. Cluster analysis was carried out by UPGMA method.
Analysis of multi-year data on aquatic V cholerae Ο1 strains in country's subject was carried out using GIS. Apossibility of systematization ofphenotypes of the isolated strains by defined parameters was shown. An experimental program for detectior of presence/lack ofvarious genes and their combinations for genotyping was developed. Conclusion GIS was established to allow to carry out analysis of phenotypes by defined parameters, as well as implement approximate systematization of genotypes of atoxigenic strains of cholera vibrios Ο1 by optimally sufficient detection of 14 genes.
The first political theory of post-Communism examines its implications for understanding liberty, rights, transitional justice, property rights, privatization, rule of law, centrally planned public ...institutions, and the legacies of totalitarian thought in language and discourse. The transition to post-totalitarianism was the spontaneous adjustment of the rights of the late-totalitarian elite to its interest. Post-totalitarian governments faced severe scarcity in the supply of justice. Rough justice punished the perpetrators and compensated their victims. Historical theories of property rights became radical, and consequentialist theories, conservative. Totalitarianism in Europe disintegrated but did not end. The legacies of totalitarianism in higher education met New Public Management, totalitarian central planning under a new label. Totalitarianism divorced language from reality through the use of dialectics that identified opposites and the use of logical fallacies to argue for ideological conclusions. This book illustrates these legacies in the writings of Habermas, Derrida, and Žižek about democracy, personal responsibility, dissidence, and totalitarianism.
Das Europa nach 1989 ist geprägt von neuen Mustern der kulturellen und ethnischen Exklusion sowie des Rechtsextremismus: Neue Konstellationen von (Alltags-)Rassismen sind die Folge der politischen ...und gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen der letzten 20 Jahre - etwa des Zerfalls der Sowjetunion und des Ostblocks, der Erweiterung der Europäischen Union und der Migration vom Osten und Süden nach Westen und Norden. In diesem Buch werden interdisziplinäre Zugänge zur Rassismusforschung, einzelne Fallstudien (vor allem aus Deutschland und dem östlichen Europa) sowie praktische Beispiele aus der Rassismusprävention vereint, die den veränderten gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen Rechnung tragen.
The year 1989 brought the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. It was also the year that the economic theories of Reagan, Thatcher, and the Chicago School achieved ...global dominance. And it was these neoliberal ideas that largely determined the course of the political, economic, and social changes that transformed Europe—both east and west—over the next quarter century. This award-winning book provides the first comprehensive history of post-1989 Europe. Philipp Ther—a firsthand witness to many of the transformations, from Czechoslovakia during the Velvet Revolution to postcommunist Poland and Ukraine—offers a sweeping narrative filled with vivid details and memorable stories. He describes how liberalization, deregulation, and privatization had catastrophic effects on former Soviet Bloc countries. He refutes the idea that this economic "shock therapy" was the basis of later growth, arguing that human capital and the “transformation from below” determined economic success or failure. Most important, he shows how the capitalist West's effort to reshape Eastern Europe in its own likeness ended up reshaping Western Europe as well, in part by accelerating the pace and scope of neoliberal reforms in the West, particularly in reunified Germany. Finally, bringing the story up to the present, Ther compares events in Eastern and Southern Europe leading up to and following the 2008–9 global financial crisis. A compelling and often-surprising account of how the new order of the New Europe was wrought from the chaotic aftermath of the Cold War, this is essential reading for understanding Europe today. Philipp Ther is professor of Central European history and director of the Institute of European History at the University of Vienna.
This publication deals with the public administration development in Visegrad member states during the last 25 years. The first four chapters describe development of public administration in Czech ...Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. In the last chapter are summarized approaches to public administration development and discussed good praxis that was used during reforms in mentioned states.
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