Preventing humanitarian atrocities is becoming as important for the United Nations as dealing with inter-state war. In this book, Ramesh Thakur examines the transformation in UN operations, analysing ...its changing role and structure. He asks why, when and how force may be used and argues that the growing gulf between legality and legitimacy is evidence of an eroded sense of international community. He considers the tension between the US, with its capacity to use force and project power, and the UN, as the centre of the international law enforcement system. He asserts the central importance of the rule of law and of a rules-based order focused on the UN as the foundation of a civilised system of international relations. This book will be of interest to students of the UN and international organisations in politics, law and international relations departments, as well as policymakers in the UN and other NGOs.
We examine the antecedents and outcomes of new ventures' formation of multilateral R&D alliances. Our results show an inverted U-shaped relationship between market uncertainty and a new venture's ...likelihood of forming multilateral R&D alliances. Top management team's social capital and ventures' technological capabilities are critical for new ventures to identify and capture alliance opportunities. Moreover, our analysis reveals value creation effects of multilateral R&D alliances for new ventures despite the challenges and difficulties associated. We further show that the value creation effect is a function of the type of exchange relationship (i.e., net- vs. chain-based) in the multilateral R&D alliance and that governance structure moderates this relationship.
► The relationship between market uncertainty and new ventures’ engagement in multilateral R&D alliances is curvilinear. ► Social capital and technological capabilities are critical for ventures’ engagement in multilateral R&D alliances. ► Multilateral R&D alliances create market value for new ventures despite the challenges and difficulties associated. ► The market-value creation effect is a function of the type of exchange relationship in the multilateral R&D alliance. ► Governance structure moderates the market-value creation effect of the type of exchange relationship.
New data sources and products developed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of the Census highlight the fluid character of U.S. labor markets. Private sector job creation and destruction ...rates average nearly 8 percent of employment per quarter. Worker flows in the form of hires and separations are more than twice as large. The data also underscores the lumpy nature of micro-level employment adjustments. More than two-thirds of job destruction occurs at establishments that shrink by more than 10 percent within the quarter, and more than one-fifth occurs at those that shut down. Our study also uncovers highly nonlinear relationships of worker flows to employment growth and job flows at the micro level. These micro relations interact with movements over time in the cross-sectional density of establishment growth rates to produce recurring cyclical patterns in aggregate labor market flows. Cyclical movements in the layoffs-separations ratio, for example, and the propensity of separated workers to become unemployed reflect distinct micro relations for quits and layoffs. A dominant role for the job-finding rate in accounting for unemployment movements in mild downturns and a bigger role for the job-loss rate in severe downturns reflect distinct micro relations for hires and layoffs.
This paper uses data from the Indonesian manufacturing census in order to uncover the determinants of firm exports over the period 1990–2005. We examine to what extent differences in firm export ...propensity and intensity are a consequence of firm-level (microeconomic), of place-based (macroeconomic) first- and second-nature geography characteristics, or of a combination of the two. The results indicate that both internal and external factors matter. Second-nature, rather than first-nature, geography makes an important difference. The conditions of a firm’s province and those of neighboring provinces shape firm exports. Agglomeration effects, education, and transport infrastructure endowment play a particularly relevant role in Indonesian firms’ export propensity, while export spillovers increase export intensity.
UK Export Performance Research Wheeler, Colin; Ibeh, Kevin; Dimitratos, Pavlos
International small business journal,
04/2008, Letnik:
26, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Previous research on export performance has been criticized for being a mosaic of autonomous endeavours and for a lack of theoretical development. Building upon extant models of export performance, ...and a review and analysis of research on export performance in the UK for the period 1990—2005, an integrated model of export performance is developed and theoretical explanations of export performance are put forward. It is suggested that a multi-theory approach to explaining export performance is viable. Management and policy implications for the UK emerging from the review and synthesis of the literature and the integrated model are discussed.
Étude des résultats des exportations
Examen et répercussions Colin Wheeler Université de Portsmouth, R.-U. Kevin Ibeh Université de Strathclyde, R.-U. Pavlos Dimitratos Université d'Économie et de Commerce d'Athènes, Grèce Une étude précédente sur les résultats des exportations ont fait l'objet de critiques pour être une mosaïque de démarches autonomes et en raison d'un manque de développement théorique. S'appuyant sur des modèles existants des résultats des exportations ainsi que sur l'examen et sur l'analyse d'une étude de résultats des exportations au Royaume-Uni couvrant la période de 1990 à 2005, un modèle intégré des résultats des exportations a été mis au point et des explications théoriques desdits résultats ont été présentées. Il est ainsi suggéré qu'expliquer les résultats des exportations par une démarche multithéorique est une vue viable. Les conséquences pour le R.-U. - en termes de gestion et de politique - qui ressortent de l'examen et de la synthèse de la documentation et du modèle intégré, sont aussi analysées.
Investigación de los resultados de las exportaciones en el Reino Unido
Examen y consecuencias Colin Wheeler Universidad de Portsmouth, RU Kevin Ibeh Universidad de Strathclyde, RU Pavlos Dimitratos Escuela de Economía y Negocios de la Universidad de Atenas, Grecia Las investigaciones anteriores sobre los resultados de las exportaciones han sido criticadas por ser un mosaico de empeños autónomos y por una falta de desarrollo teórico. Basándose en los modelos existentes de los resultados de las exportaciones en el Reino Unido para el período de 1990 a 2005, se ha desarrollado un modelo integrado de los resultados de las exportaciones y se presentan explicaciones teóricas sobre dichos resultados. Se sugiere que un planteamiento multiteórico es viable para explicar los resultados de las exportaciones. Se discuten las consecuencias en cuanto a gestión y política para el Reino Unido que surgen del examen y síntesis de la documentación y del modelo integrado.
Untersuchung: Britische Exportleistung
Kritische Betrachtung und Schlussfolgerungen Colin Wheeler Universität Portsmouth, Großbritannien Kevin Ibeh Universität Strathclyde, Großbritannien Pavlos Dimitratos University of Economics and Business, Athen, Griechenland Vorangegangene Untersuchungen von Exportleistungen wurden kritisiert, nur ein Mosaik aus Einzeluntersuchungen zu sein, die darüber hinaus keine theoretische Entwicklung aufweisen. Diese Studie entwickelt ein integriertes Modell der Exportleistung, das auf existierende Modelle, sowie eine kritische Betrachtung und Analyse der Exportleistung Großbritanniens für die Zeit von 1990 bis 2005 aufbaut. Darüber hinaus werden theoretische Erläuterungen der Exportleistung dargelegt. Die Studie deutet an, dass eine Mehrfachtheorie für die Erklärung von Exportleistungen entwicklungsfähig ist. Implikationen für Management und Strategien für Großbritannien, die sich aus der Untersuchung und der Synthese der Literatur sowie dem integrierten Modell ergeben, werden diskutiert.
We examine situations where the same fund manager simultaneously manages mutual funds and hedge funds. We refer to this as side-by-side management. We document 344 such cases involving 693 mutual ...funds and 538 hedge funds. Proponents of this practice argue that it is essential to hire and retain star performers. Detractors argue that the temptation for abuse is high, and the practice should be banned. Our analysis based on various performance metrics shows that side-by-side mutual fund managers significantly outperform peer funds, consistent with this privilege being granted primarily to star performers. Interestingly, side-by-side hedge fund managers are at best on par with their style category peers, casting further doubt on the idea that conflicts of interest undermine mutual fund investors. Thus, we find no evidence of welfare loss for mutual fund investors due to exploitation of conflicts of interest.
Entry costs vary dramatically across countries. To assess their impact on cross-country differences in output and TFP, we construct a model with endogenous entry and operation decisions by firms. We ...calibrate the model to match the U.S. distribution of employment and firms by size. Higher entry costs lead to greater misallocation of productive factors and lower TFP and output. In the model, countries in the lowest decile of the entry costs distribution have 1.32 to 1.45 times higher TFP and 1.52 to 1.75 times higher output per worker than countries in the highest decile. As in the data, higher entry costs are associated with lower entry rates and business density.
This article examines the anticompetitive effects of land use regulation using microdata on midscale chain hotels in Texas. I construct a dynamic entry–exit model that endogenizes hotel chains' ...reactions to land use regulation. My estimates indicate that imposing stringent regulation increases costs considerably. Hotel chains nonetheless enter highly regulated markets even if entry probabilities are lower, anticipating fewer rivals and hence greater market power. Consumers incur the costs of regulation indirectly in the form of higher prices.
PDF
