Sweat Equity in U.S. Private Business Bhandari, Anmol; McGrattan, Ellen R
The Quarterly journal of economics,
05/2021, Letnik:
136, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Abstract
We develop a theory of sweat equity—the value of business owners’ time and expenses to build customer bases, client lists, and other intangible assets. We discipline the theory using data ...from U.S. national accounts, business censuses, and brokered sales to estimate a value for sweat equity in the private business sector equal to 1.2 times U.S. GDP, which is about the same magnitude as the value of fixed assets in use in these businesses. For a typical owner, 26% of the sweat equity is transferable through inheritance or sale. The equity values are positively correlated with business incomes and standard measures of markups based on accounting data, but not with owners’ financial assets or standard measures of business total factor productivity. We use our theory to show that abstracting from sweat activity leads to a significant understatement of the effects of lowering business income tax rates on private business activity for both the extensive and intensive margins. Despite finding larger responses, our model’s implied tax elasticities of establishments and owner hours are in line with empirical estimates in the public finance literature. Allowing for financial constraints and superstar firms does not overturn our main findings.
Can we achieve justice during war? Should law substitute for realpolitik? Can an international court act against the global community that created it?
Justice in a Time of War is a translation from ...the French of the first complete, behind-the-scenes story of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, from its proposal by Balkan journalist Mirko Klarin through recent developments in the first trial of its ultimate quarry, Slobodan Miloševic. It is also a meditation on the conflicting intersection of law and politics in achieving justice and peace.
Le Monde’s review (November 3, 2000) of the original edition recommended Hazan’s book as a nuanced account of the Tribunal that should be a must-read for the new president of Yugoslavia. “The story Pierre Hazan tells is that of an institution which, over the course of the years, has managed to escape in large measure from the initial hidden motives and manipulations of those who created it (not only the Americans).”
With insider interviews filling out every scene, author Pierre Hazan tells a chaotic story of war while the Western powers cobbled together a tribunal in order to avoid actual intervention, hoping to threaten international criminals with indictment and thereby to force an untenable peace. The international lawyers and judges for this rump world court started with nothing—no office space, no assistants, no computers, not even a budget—but they ultimately established the tribunal as an unavoidable actor in the Balkans. This development was also a reflection of the evolving political situation: the West had created the Tribunal in 1993 as an alibi in order to avoid military intervention, but in 1999, the Tribunal suddenly became useful to NATO countries as a means by which to criminalize Miloševic’s regime and to justify military intervention in Kosovo and in Serbia. Ultimately, this hastened the end of Miloševic’s rule and led the way to history’s first war crimes trial of a former president by an international tribunal.
Ironically, this triumph for international law was not really intended by the Western leaders who created the court. They sought to placate, not shape, public opinion. But the determination of a handful of people working at the Tribunal transformed it into an active agent for change, paving the road for the International Criminal Court and greatly advancing international criminal law. Yet the Tribunal’s existence poses as many questions as it answers. How independent can a U.N. Tribunal be from the political powers that created it and sustain it politically and financially ?
Hazan remains cautious though optimistic for the future of international justice. His history remains a cautionary tale to the reader: realizing ideals in a world enamored of realpolitik is a difficult and often haphazard activity.
Este artículo de investigación se basa en la tesis de maestría titulada “OfiCalc y GeoGebra como herramientas didácticas para la comprensión, uso y aplicación de ángulos en estudiantes del 10º grado ...en la I.E. Gabriel García Márquez en San Carlos de Guaroa, Departamento del Meta, Colombia”. El estudio resalta la importancia de la Educación Matemática Realista (emr) en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de las matemáticas, así como su influencia en la transformación del currículo educativo de la Ley General de Educación (Ley 115 de 1994) en Colombia. El propósito principal del documento es evaluar la implementación de este enfoque en el contexto educativo colombiano, teniendo en cuenta las regulaciones legales y los lineamientos curriculares actuales. Para lograrlo, s realizó una revisión literaria con un enfoque cualitativo que permitió analizar los principios y fundamentos compartidos entre la emr y la Ley 115 de 1994, explorando su relación con la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las matemáticas. De igual forma, se proporciona un análisis detallado sobre la importancia de promover la emr como un enfoque pedagógico destinado a mejorar la calidad y relevancia de la educación matemática en Colombia. Como resultado se destaca la necesidad de establecer conexiones entre los conceptos matemáticos y el mundo real, así como la presentación de desafíos matemáticos auténticos para estimular el pensamiento crítico, el razonamiento lógico y la toma de decisiones informadas.
Trauma and Truth Pedigo Clark, Elena
2023, 2023-01-24, 2023-01-31
eBook
The collapse of the USSR was relatively bloodless. The Chechen wars were not. Trauma and Truth examines key works about them by contemporary Russian-language authors, provides suggestions for ...teaching these challenging texts, and concludes with a discussion of what this trauma might mean for Russia today.
The European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) has previously demonstrated that prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening decreases prostate cancer (PCa) mortality.
To ...determine whether PSA screening decreases PCa mortality for up to 16yr and to assess results following adjustment for nonparticipation and the number of screening rounds attended.
This multicentre population-based randomised screening trial was conducted in eight European countries. Report includes 182160 men, followed up until 2014 (maximum of 16yr), with a predefined core age group of 162389 men (55–69yr), selected from population registry.
The outcome was PCa mortality, also assessed with adjustment for nonparticipation and the number of screening rounds attended.
The rate ratio of PCa mortality was 0.80 (95% confidence interval CI 0.72–0.89, p<0.001) at 16yr. The difference in absolute PCa mortality increased from 0.14% at 13yr to 0.18% at 16yr. The number of men needed to be invited for screening to prevent one PCa death was 570 at 16yr compared with 742 at 13yr. The number needed to diagnose was reduced to 18 from 26 at 13yr. Men with PCa detected during the first round had a higher prevalence of PSA >20ng/ml (9.9% compared with 4.1% in the second round, p<0.001) and higher PCa mortality (hazard ratio=1.86, p<0.001) than those detected subsequently.
Findings corroborate earlier results that PSA screening significantly reduces PCa mortality, showing larger absolute benefit with longer follow-up and a reduction in excess incidence. Repeated screening may be important to reduce PCa mortality on a population level.
In this report, we looked at the outcomes from prostate cancer in a large European population. We found that repeated screening reduces the risk of dying from prostate cancer.
This European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer trial follow-up reports that repeated screening reduces the risk of dying from prostate cancer for up to 16yr.
Knowledge and its application are now widely recognized to be key sources of growth in the global economy. Putting knowledge to work allows countries to improve everyday life for their people, ...opening up new possibilities for small and medium-size enterprises and other less-developed economic groups. This volume examines the challenges and opportunties for Mexico's knowledge-based economy, offering strategies for making major improvements in the country's capacity to generate knowledge and transform it into wealth.
This book illuminates one of the world's most troubled regions from a unique perspective—that of a prominent Russian intellectual. Valery Tishkov, a leading ethnographer who has also served in ...several important political posts, examines the evolution of the war in Chechnya that erupted in 1994, untangling the myths, the long-held resentments, and the ideological manipulations that have fueled the crisis. In particular, he explores the key themes of nationalism and violence that feed the turmoil there. Forceful, original, and timely, his study combines extensive interview material, historical perspectives, and deep local knowledge. Tishkov sheds light on Chechnya in particular and on how secessionist conflicts can escalate into violent conflagrations in general. With its balanced assessments of both Russian and Chechen perspectives, this book will be essential reading for people seeking to understand the role of Islamic fundamentalist nationalism in the contemporary world.
Providing a comprehensive overview of the Russo-Chechen War, the author examines the origins of the conflict historically, and traces how both sides were dragged inexorably into war in the early ...1990s.
Conflict to peace Hayes, Bernadette
2015, 20150701, 2013, 2015-09-01
eBook
After three decades of violence, Northern Ireland has experienced unprecedented peace. This book, now available in paperback, examines the impact of the 1998 Agreement which halted the violence on ...those most affected by it – the Northern Irish people themselves. Using public opinion surveys conducted over a period of half a century, this book covers changes in public opinion across all areas of society and politics, including elections, education, community relations and national identity. The surveys show that despite peace, Protestants and Catholics remain as deeply divided as ever. The vast majority marry co-religionists, attend religious schools and have few friends across the religious divide. The results have implications not just for peacemaking in Northern Ireland, but for other societies emerging from conflict. The main lesson of peacemaking in Northern Ireland is that political reform has to be accompanied by social change across the society as a whole. Peace after conflict needs social as well as political change.
The ANC is a party-movement that draws on its liberation credentials yet is conflicted by a multitude of weaknesses, factions and internal succession battles. Booysen constructs her analysis around ...the ANC’s four faces of political power – organisation, people, political parties and elections, and policy and government – and explores how, since 1994, it has acted to continuously regenerate its power.
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