In the realm of health care, privacy protections are needed to preserve patients' dignity and prevent possible harms. Ten years ago, to address these concerns as well as set guidelines for ethical ...health research, Congress called for a set of federal standards now known as the HIPAA Privacy Rule.
In its 2009 report, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information concludes that the HIPAA Privacy Rule does not protect privacy as well as it should, and that it impedes important health research.
Abstract
Internationalization of research and development (R&D) is a double-edged sword: on the one hand, it is understood as a driving force of global innovation performance; on the other hand, from ...a national perspective it is often perceived as a threat to domestic efforts. Against this background, we compare the contribution of domestic and international knowledge sourcing to the productivity of Swiss firms. We find a positive productivity effect of knowledge-sourcing activities in geographically close countries (in the European Union EU). Domestic knowledge alone or from other world regions does not yield positive productivity effects. We provide evidence that companies that source international knowledge to generate innovative products benefit disproportionately from knowledge sourcing in the EU and that both knowledge- and market-seeking motives may be relevant to this result.
The book predominantly explores the psychic histories of patients who display their transgenerational conflicts/trauma through forensic acts. It establishes the need to consider the details of ...patient history in understanding the patient within both the therapeutic encounter and the treatment team milieu. There are many themes of contemporary interest including gang murders, sibling jealousy, fatal eating disorder, personality disorder, and the effects of exclusion and marginalization within group and community dynamics and the global prevalence of mass murder. The author describes the collapse into dyadic thinking and enactment that prevails when the third perspective, classically represented by the father within the Oedipal dynamic, is excluded or absent. Providing detailed case studies he shows how seemingly meaningless explosions of violence or perversion are attempts to master early experiences of trauma and/or exclusion, often passed down unconsciously through the generations. Using the theories of Matte Blanco and notions of the 'critical date' the chapters give unique insight into the timing and triggers of crimes, however apparently random.
When the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act became law in 1996, the architects of welfare reform celebrated what they called the new "consensus" on welfare: that cash ...assistance should be temporary and contingent on recipients' seeking and finding employment. However, assessments about the assumptions and consequences of this radical change to the nation's social safety net were actually far more varied and disputed than the label "consensus" suggests.
By examining the varied realities and accountings of welfare restructuring, Stretched Thin looks back at a critical moment of policy change and suggests how welfare policy in the United States can be changed to better address the needs of poor families and the nation. Using ethnographic observations, in-depth interviews with poor families and welfare workers, survey data tracking more than 750 families over two years, and documentary evidence, Sandra Morgen, Joan Acker, and Jill Weigt question the validity of claims that welfare reform has been a success. They show how poor families, welfare workers, and welfare administrators experienced and assessed welfare reform differently based on gender, race, class, and their varying positions of power and control within the welfare state.
The authors document the ways that, despite the dramatic drop in welfare rolls, low-wage jobs and inadequate social supports left many families struggling in poverty. Revealing how the neoliberal principles of a drastically downsized welfare state and individual responsibility for economic survival were implemented through policies and practices of welfare provision and nonprovision, the authors conclude with new recommendations for reforming welfare policy to reduce poverty, promote economic security, and foster shared prosperity.
This book addresses the issue of why 51.2% of the population of the USA failed to vote in the November 1996 presidential election. Through polls and studies conducted in the spring and summer of ...1996, the contributors set out to answer the following questions: what were the 51.2 percent doing that day? Who are they? Why didn't they vote? The results are summarized into five types of nonvoters: doers, unplugged, irritable, don't knows and alienated.
As seen on CBS 60 Minutes "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." ...Did you know that these twenty-six words are responsible for much of America's multibillion-dollar online industry? What we can and cannot write, say, and do online is based on just one law—a law that protects online services from lawsuits based on user content. Jeff Kosseff exposes the workings of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which has lived mostly in the shadows since its enshrinement in 1996. Because many segments of American society now exist largely online, Kosseff argues that we need to understand and pay attention to what Section 230 really means and how it affects what we like, share, and comment upon every day. The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet tells the story of the institutions that flourished as a result of this powerful statute. It introduces us to those who created the law, those who advocated for it, and those involved in some of the most prominent cases decided under the law. Kosseff assesses the law that has facilitated freedom of online speech, trolling, and much more. His keen eye for the law, combined with his background as an award-winning journalist, demystifies a statute that affects all our lives –for good and for ill. While Section 230 may be imperfect and in need of refinement, Kosseff maintains that it is necessary to foster free speech and innovation. For filings from many of the cases discussed in the book and updates about Section 230, visit jeffkosseff.com
Law Number 4 of 1996 is the mandate of the Basic Agrarian Law, namely the unification of security institutions in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the juridical implementation of ...the execution of mortgage rights based on the perspective of Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning mortgage rights on land and objects related to land (study of the execution of mortgage rights in the jurisdiction of KPKNL Banjarmasin). The method in this research uses empirical normative legal research. The results of this study: 1) Overview of Mortgage Rights in accordance with Law No. 4 of 1996 is to guarantee the debt of the taggungan holder to the debtor and the ownership of the certificate is suspended, if the dependents have been repaid then the certificate can be abolished as collateral. 2)The execution of mortgage rights in accordance with Law No. 4 of 1996 on mortgage rights carried out by KPKNL Banjarmasin is carried out with court intervention and without court intervention to provide a decision or determination of execution.
We propose a model with local spatial markets and heterogeneous agents to understand and evaluate the geographic expansion of bank branches after banking deregulation in Thailand. The model features ...heterogeneity in financial frictions across regions, with the costs of accessing credit and deposits depending on the distance from the nearest branch. Disciplined by micro estimates of the effects of branch openings, the model reproduces salient regional and aggregate patterns concerning occupational choice, financial access, and inequality. We apply the model to study two counterfactual financial sector policies in distant markets, one subsidizing branches and the other subsidizing household deposits.
After successive rounds of tariff reductions by GATT/WTO members, non‐tariff measures (NTMs) have increasingly become the focal point of multilateral trade negotiations. It remains an open question ...whether the liberalization in tariff rates has subsequently been weakened or even erased by increases in NTMs. Using a product‐level global panel of WTO members over the period 1996–2019, this paper systematically examines the empirical link between various tariff measures and the imposition of NTMs. I find that bound or applied tariff reductions do not correlate much on their own with NTM incidence. The relevant trade policy margin for detecting a tariff–NTM nexus is instead tariff overhangs, the difference between WTO members' bound and applied tariff rates. Countries impose more NTMs when their sectoral applied tariffs are close to their respective bound rates, indicating that small tariff overhangs signal limited legal trade policy flexibility.
Résumé
Mesures non tarifaires : quel est le rapport avec les tarifs douaniers? Aprè des rondes successives de réductions des tarifs douaniers par les membres du GATT/OMC, les mesures non tarifaires (MNT) sont de plus en plus devenues le point de mire des négociations commerciales multilatérales. La question à savoir si la libéralisation des taux tarifaires a subséquemment été affaiblie ou même annulée par les hausses des MNT demeure ouverte. À l'aide d'un panel mondial de produits de membres de l'OMC entre 1996 et 2019, l'article examine systématiquement le lien empirique entre diverses mesures tarifaires et l'imposition de MNT. Je constate que les réductions tarifaires consolidées ou appliquées ne sont pas beaucoup corrélées de façon individuelle à l'incidence des MNT. La marge pertinente de la politique commerciale pour détecter un lien entre les tarifs douaniers et les MNT est plutôt une dilution tarifaire, soit la différence entre les taux tarifaires consolidés et appliqués des membres de l'OMC. Les pays imposent davantage de MNT lorsque leurs tarifs douaniers sectoriels appliqués sont près de leurs taux consolidés respectifs, indiquant que de petites dilutions tarifaires signalent une flexibilité limitée de la politique commerciale sur le plan juridique.
Foreign scholars highlight that despite the modernization of social life, cultural attitudes towards thefamily are changing slowly, and women remain closely tied to the role of motherhood (McKennon ...Brody, Frey,2017). The media has the power to reflect on and change the attittudes prevailing in society, thereby reducing the stigmatizing ones. Researchers discover the domination of pronatal discourse by analyzing images of childlessness, which supports parenthood in many ways, and individuals, especially women, who do not raise children and are underestimated and often stigmatized (Gibb, 2019; Grill, 2019). In order to understand the current cultural attitudes towards childless women and to analyze changes in comparison to other countries, it is important to examine them from a historical perspective.The representation of childlessness in Lithuanian media during the last decades of the 20th century was not studied yet. The scholars (Marcinkevičienė, Praspaliauskienė, 1999; Maslauskaitė 2001; 2002) who had analyzed Lithuanian women’s magazines during the late Soviet period and after the Independence in 1990 focused mainly on the representations of familial and romantic relationships. This research, based on a qualitative content analysis of 224 articles from the most popular women’s magazines of 1991–1996, showed that sex education and abortion prevention were the prevailing topics covering the lack of public knowledge about reproductive and sexual health. The aim of the media was to consolidate motherhood as the main expression of femininity within the framewok of declining birth rates; therefore, infertility and voluntary childlessness were stigmatized.
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